Protein ZAP inhibits multiplication of SARS-CoV-2 by 20-fold

Silver linings in the pandemic

14-Dec-2021 - Germany

Scientists at the Würzburg-based Helmholtz Institute for RNA-based Infection Research (HIRI) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI) in Braunschweig demonstrate for the first time how ZAP, a protein of the human immune defence system, inhibits the replication mechanism of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus and can reduce the viral load by 20-fold. The findings were published today in the journal Nature Communications. They may help develop antiviral agents in the fight against the pandemic.

SARS-CoV-2 and other viruses whose genetic material consists of ribonucleic acids (RNA) use a propagation trick called programmed ribosomal reading frameshift. In doing so, these viruses prove to be masters of manipulation: they invade host cells and hijack the process the cells use to read the genetic information from a messenger RNA and produce proteins. The viruses alter the strictly maintained reading frame: this allows them to produce their own proteins in order to multiply.

In the search for ways to stop this propagation trick in the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, researchers at HIRI have now identified a restriction factor called ZAP. ZAP (Zinc Finger Antiviral Protein) is already known as an immunomodulatory and antiviral protein. "ZAP is a multifunctional molecule in the immune response that can calm an exuberant immune response and shut down viral activity," explains Jun Prof Neva Caliskan, research group leader at HIRI and principal investigator of the study.

Sharp drop in viral load

Until now, it had not been explored whether and how proteins such as ZAP interfere with the ribosomal frameshift of SARS-CoV-2. "The frameshift event has evolved as a hallmark of viral replication. This makes it a very attractive drug target," says Matthias Zimmer, one of the two first authors of the study. "Interestingly, we were able to demonstrate that ZAP binds to the viral RNA that triggers the frameshift," adds the HIRI PhD student from Caliskan's research group “Recoding Mechanisms in Infections”.

"ZAP interferes with the structural folding of coronavirus RNA and disrupts the signal that SARS-CoV-2 sends to induce host cells to produce its replication enzymes," says HIRI PhD student Anuja Kibe, second first author of the study, describing the protein's antiviral effect. And what's more: in collaboration with researchers at the HZI in Braunschweig, which founded the HIRI together with the Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, the team was able to demonstrate that host cells with elevated levels of ZAP show an approximately 20-fold reduction in the amount of virus they produce. The presence – or absence – of the protein could thus also be an indicator of whether a corona infection takes a mild or severe course.

More research is needed to fully understand the molecular mechanisms behind this. However, the study results are already extremely promising: "Our findings give us hope that ZAP could be used as a template to develop potential new antiviral agents," says Caliskan.

Original publication

Zimmer M, Kibe A, Rand U, Pekarek L, Ye L, Buck S, Smyth R, Cicin-Sain L, Caliskan N; "The short isoform of the host antiviral protein ZAP acts as an inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 programmed ribosomal frameshifting"; Nature Communications; 10.12.2021.

https://www.bionity.com/en/news/1173900/protein-zap-inhibits-multiplication-of-sars-cov-2-by-20-fold.html