Tourettism

Tourettism refers to the presence of Tourette-like symptoms in the absence of Tourette syndrome, as the result of other diseases or conditions, known as "secondary causes".

Tourette syndrome (TS) is an inherited neurological condition of multiple motor and at least one vocal tic. Although Tourette syndrome is the most common cause of tic disorders,^[1] other sporadic, genetic, and neurodegenerative disorders may also exhibit tics.^[2]

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Tic mimickers

• Chorea (disease)
• Myoclonus
• Dystonia
  • Torsion dystonia
  • Idiopathic dystonia

Genetic/chromosomal

• Chromosomal abnormalities
• Citrullinemia
• Down syndrome
• Duchenne muscular dystrophy
• Fragile X syndrome
• Hallervorden-Spatz syndrome
• Huntington's disease
• Klinefelter's syndrome
• Lesch-Nyhan syndrome
• Neuroacanthocytosis
• Neurodegeneration
• Phenylketonuria
• Schizophrenia
• Tuberous sclerosis
• Wilson disease
• XYY syndrome

Infectious or post-infectious

• Encephalitis
• Mycoplasma pneumoniae
• Sydenham's chorea

Developmental

• Pervasive developmental disorders
  • Asperger's syndrome
  • Autism spectrum disorders
  • Rett syndrome
• Mental retardation
• Static encephalopathy
• Stereotypic movement disorder

Toxins/insults/acquired

• Carbon monoxide poisoning
• Cerebral palsy
• Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
• Fetal alcohol syndrome
• Head trauma
• Hypoglycemia
• Intrauterine exposure to illicit drugs
• Intrauterine infections
• Mercury
• Neurocutaneous syndromes
• Neurosyphilis
• Perinatal asphyxia
• Stroke
• Wasp venom

Drugs

• Levodopa (Dopar, Larodopa)
• Carbamazepine (Atretol, Epitol, Tegretol)
• Lamotrigine (Lamictal)
• Phenytoin (Dilantin)
• Phenobarbital
• Antipsychotics (e.g.; haloperidol)^[3][4]

See also

Notes

References

• Bagheri M, Kerbeshian J, Burd L (1999). "Recognition and management of Tourette's syndrome and tic disorders". Am Fam Physician 59 (8): 2263-72, 2274. PMID 10221310. Full text
• Black, Kevin J. Tourette Syndrome and Other Tic Disorders. eMedicine.com March 22, 2006.
• Evidente, GH. "Is it a tic or Tourette's? Clues for differentiating simple from more complex tic disorders." PostGraduate Medicine Online. October 2000 108:5.
• Jankovic J, Mejia NI. Tics associated with other disorders. Adv Neurol. 2006;99:61-8. PMID 16536352
• Mejia NI, Jankovic J. Secondary tics and tourettism. Rev Bras Psiquiatr. 2005;27(1):11-17. PMID 15867978 Full-text PDF
• eMedicine article on Tardive dyskinesia Full article