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Tonic (physiology)Tonic in physiology refers to a muscle which is predominantly toned. The opposite of tonic is phasic. Additional recommended knowledgeHuman tonic musclesIt can specifically refer to a muscle which is composed mainly of slow muscle fibers. As these types of muscles (trapezius, calves, jaw) tend to be toned, they tend to shorten and be relatively inflexible and therefore tend to be short in humans.[1] Typical tonic muscles include muscles which are used to protect and prepare the body under fight or flight situations, a reaction to the hormones epinephrine (adrenaline) and cortisol and other innate autonomic nervous system reactions[2]. See also
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This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Tonic_(physiology)". A list of authors is available in Wikipedia. |