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Tenascin

Tenascins are extracellular matrix glycoproteins. They are abundant in the extracellular matrix of developing vertebrate embryos and they reappear around healing wounds and in the stroma of some tumors.

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There are four members of the tenascin gene family: tenascin-C, tenascin-R, tenascin-X and tenascin-W.

Tenascin-C is the founding member of the gene family. In the embryo it is made by migrating cells like the neural crest; it is also abundant in developing tendons, bone and cartilage.
Tenascin-R is found in the developing and adult nervous system.
Tenascin-X is found primarily in loose connective tissue; mutations in the human tenascin-X gene can lead to a form of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. ^[1]
Tenascin-W is found in the kidney and in developing bone.

Tenascin-C is the best understood. It has anti-adhesive properties, causing cells in tissue culture to become rounded after it is added to the medium. One mechanism to explain this may come from its ability to bind to the extracellular matrix glycoprotein fibronectin and block fibronectin's interactions with specific syndecans. The expression of tenascin-C in the stroma of certain tumors is associated with a poor prognosis.

References

^ Bristow J, Carey W, Egging D, Schalkwijk J (2005). "Tenascin-X, collagen, elastin, and the Ehlers-Danlos syndrome". Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet 139 (1): 24-30. PMID 16278880.

Chiquet-Ehrismann R, Chiquet M (2003). "Tenascins: regulation and putative functions during pathological stress". J Pathol 200 (4): 488-99. PMID 12845616.
Chiquet-Ehrismann R, Tucker R (2004). "Connective tissues: signalling by tenascins". Int J Biochem Cell Biol 36 (6): 1085-9. PMID 15094123.
Hsia H, Schwarzbauer J (2005). "Meet the tenascins: multifunctional and mysterious". J Biol Chem 280 (29): 26641-4. PMID 15932878.
Jones F, Jones P (2000). "The tenascin family of ECM glycoproteins: structure, function, and regulation during embryonic development and tissue remodeling". Dev Dyn 218 (2): 235-59. PMID 10842355.