Tempo and Mode in Evolution

Tempo and Mode in Evolution (1944) was George Gaylord Simpson's seminal contribution to the evolutionary synthesis, which integrated the facts of paleontology with those of genetics and natural selection.

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Simpson argued that the microevolution of population genetics was sufficient in itself to explain the patterns of macroevolution observed by paleontology. Simpson also highlighted the distinction between tempo and mode. "Tempo" encompasses "evolutionary rates . . . their acceleration and deceleration, the conditions of exceptionally slow or rapid evolutions, and phenomena suggestive of inertia and momentum." While "mode" embraces "the study of the way, manner, or pattern of evolution, a study in which tempo is a basic factor, but which embraces considerably more than tempo."

Simpson's Tempo and Mode attempted to draw out several distinct generalizations:

• That evolution's tempo can impart information about its mode.
• That multiple tempos can be found in the fossil record (bradytelic, tachytelic, horotelic).
• That the facts of paleontology are consistent with the genetical theory of natural selection. Moreover, that theories such as orthogenesis, Lamarckism, mutation pressures, and macromutations are either false or play little to no role.
• Most evolution—"nine-tenths"—occurs by the steady phyletic transformation of whole lineages (anagenesis). In contrast to Ernst Mayr's interpretation of speciation by splitting, particularly allopatric and peripatric speciation.
• The lack of evidence for evolutionary transitions in the fossil record is best accounted for, first, by the poorness of the geological record, and secondly as a consequence of quantum evolution (which is responsible for "the origin taxonomic units of relatively high rank, such as families, orders, and classes."). Quantum evolution built upon Sewall Wright's theory of random genetic drift.

Fifty years after its publication, the National Academy of Sciences commissioned a book entitled Tempo and Mode in Evolution: Genetics and Paleontology 50 Years After Simpson edited by Walter M. Fitch and Francisco J. Ayala. It includes contributions by Ayala, Stephen Jay Gould, and W. Ford Doolittle.

References

• Eldredge, N. (1995) Reinventing Darwin. New York: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 20-26.
• Fitch, W. M. and F. J. Ayala (1995) Tempo and Mode in Evolution: Genetics and Paleontology 50 Years After Simpson. New York: National Academies Press.
• Gould, S. J. (1980) "G. G. Simpson, Paleontology and the Modern Synthesis." In E. Mayr and W. B. Provine, eds., The Evolutionary Synthesis. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, pp. 153-172.
• Gould, S. J. (1983) "The hardening of the Modern Synthesis" In Marjorie Grene, ed., Dimensions of Darwinism. Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 71-93.
• Gould, S. J. (1994) "Tempo and mode in the macroevolutionary reconstruction on Darwinism" PNAS USA 91(15):6764-71.
• Gould, S. J. (2002) The Structure of Evolutionary Theory. Cambridge MA: Belknap Press. pp. 529-31.
• Mayr, E. (1976) Evolution and the Diversity of Life. Cambridge MA: Belknap Press. p. 206.
• Mayr, E. (1982) The Growth of Biological Thought. Cambridge MA: Belknap Press. pp. 555, 609-10.
• Simpson, G. G. (1944) Tempo and Mode in Evolution. New York: Columbia Univ. Press.