Spicule

This article is about the skeletal structure. See also Spicule (solar physics).

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Spicules are skeletal structures that occur in most sponges. They provide structural support, as well as deterrence against predators. Large spicules, visible to the naked eye are referred to as megascleres, while smaller, microscopic ones are termed microscleres. Spicules have four major symmetry types: Monaxon (simple cylinders with pointed ends), triaxon, tetraxon, and polyaxon. Sponges can be calcareous, siliceous, or composed of spongin. The meshing of numerous spicules serves as the sponge’s skeleton. The composition, size, and shape of spicules is one of the largest determining factors in sponge taxonomy.

Spicules are formed by sclerocytes, which are derived from archaeocytes. The sclerocyte begins with an organic filament, and adds silica to it. Spicules are generally elongated at a rate of 1-10 μm per hour. Once the spicule reaches a certain length it protrudes from the sclerocyte cell body, but remains within the cell’s membrane. On occasion, sclerocytes may begin a second spicule while the first is still in progress.

Recent research on the Euplectella aspergillum (Venus' Flower Basket) has demonstrated that the spicules of certain deep-sea sponges have similar traits to fiber optic cables. In addition to being able to trap and transport light, these spicules have a number of advantages over commercial fiber optic wire. The spicules are stronger, resist stress easier, and form their own support elements. Also, the low-temperature formation of the spicules, as compared to the high temperature stretching process of commercial fiber optics, allows for the addition of impurities which improve the refractive index. In addition, these spicules have built-in lenses in the ends which gather and focus light in dark conditions. It has been theorized that this ability may function as a light source for symbiotic algae (as with Rosella racovitzae) or as an attractor for shrimp which live inside the Venus' Flower Basket. However, a conclusive decision has not been reached; it may be that the light capabilities are simply a coincidental trait from a purely structural element.

It should be noted that the term spicule can also refer to structures on other organisms, such as the copulatory spicules of certain nematodes.

References

• Aizenburg, Joanna., et al (2004). "Biological glass fibers: Correlation between optical and structural properties." Proceedings from the National Academy of Sciences of the USA. 101(10) 3358–3363.
• Imsiecke, George., et al (1995). "Formation of Spicules by Sclerocytes from the Freshwater Sponge Ephydatia Meulleri in Short-term Cultures in Vitro." In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol-Animal. 31 528–535.