Sperm donation

Sperm donation is the practice by which a man donates his semen to be used specifically to produce a baby. A man who donates sperm, a sperm donor, may do so at a clinic known as a sperm bank. Donors may be either anonymous or non-anonymous, though laws may require donors one or the other, or restrict the number of children each donor may father. Although many donors choose to remain anonymous, new technologies such as the internet and DNA technology has opened up new avenues for those wishing to know more about the biological father, children or half-siblings.

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Types of donors

Anonymous or non-anonymous

Anonymous

Most sperm donors are anonymous, i.e. the clinic will never give contact information of the receiving woman/couple and the woman/couple will not be told the identity of the donor. However some information about the donor may be released to the woman/couple. A limited donor information at most includes height, weight, eye, skin and hair colour. In Sweden, this is all information a receiver gets. In the US, on the other hand, additional information may be given, such as a comprehensive biography and sound/video samples.

The law usually protects sperm donors from being responsible for children produced from their donations, and the law also usually provides that sperm donors have no rights over the children which they produce.

Non-anonymous

Several countries, e.g. Sweden, Norway, the Netherlands, Britain, Switzerland, Australia^[1] and New Zealand only allow non-anonymous sperm donation. The child may, when grown up (15-18 years old), get contact information from the sperm bank about his/her biological father. In Denmark, a sperm donor may choose to be either anonymous or non-anonymous.

Still, the initial information the receiving woman/couple gets is the same.

Private donors

Besides the men who donate to a sperm bank there are also less institutional donations, for example, a would be mother may approach a friend, or may obtain a "private" donor by advertising. A number of web sites seek to link such donors and donees, while advertisements in same sex publications are not uncommon. Although artificial insemination is usually used, frozen sperm need not be. Most such donors meet the donees and are therefore usually known to the recipient. Private donations are usually free - avoiding the significant costs of a more medicalised insemination - and theoretically, where fresh rather than frozen semen is used the chances of pregnancy may be higher. Against this are the usually higher risks of disease transmission and the risk of a legal dispute regarding access or maintenance. The laws of some nations (e.g. New Zealand), allow for recognition of written agreements between donors and donees in a similar way to institutional donations.

Limitation

Where a sperm donor donates sperm through a sperm bank, the sperm bank will generally undertake a number of medical and other checks to ensure that the donor's sperm are fertile and motile, that the donor's sperm will withstand the freezing and thawing process necessary to store and quarantine the sperm, and that the donor is healthy and will not pass on any diseases through the use of his sperm. The cost to the sperm bank for such tests is not inconsiderable. This normally means that clinics may use the same donor to produce a number of pregnancies in a number of different women.

The number of children permitted to be born from a single donor varies according to law and practice. Where a limit on the number of offspring which are allowed to be produced from each donor is imposed, this is usually in order to reduce the chance of consanguinity by the siblings or half-siblings of the donor. Nevertheless, some donors may produce substantial numbers of offspring, particularly where they donate through different clinics, where sperm is exported to different jurisdictions, and where countries or states do not have a central register of donors.

A sperm donor generally enters into an agreement with the sperm bank to supply sperm usually once a week for a period of between six months and two years, depending on the extent to which the sperm bank may use the samples donated. A single donation prepared for ICI or IUI use will usually produce at least one pregnancy, while samples prepared for ART use may fertilise up to eight batches of eggs. The success rate for embryos subsequently implanted in a woman is approximately between 20 and 45% (see assisted reproduction).

Sperm banks frequently publish their 'pregnancy rates' which are success rates according to the number of pregnancies achieved as a percentage of the total number of treatments provided. These rates vary from clinic to clinic, according to the method of insemination used and of the ages of the recipients. Sperm from a sperm donor may be used by a clinic until the maximum number of live births in each case has been achieved.

Australia

In Victoria, there is a limit of 10 families per donor.^[2] In Western Australia, the Human Reproductive Technology Act 1991 (HRT Act) limits the number of families for each donor to 5.^[3]

Belgium

The medical practitioner performing the procedure will set his or her own limit on the number of pregnancies from each donor which will depend upon the size of the community where the recipient is resident. This also applies to foreign women who are treated in Belgium.

Denmark

In Denmark, one donor may give rise to 25 children. ^[4]

However, Denmark also exports semen to other countries, and for the donors participating in that way there is practically no limit^[4]. Since the limits for each country that is receiving the samples are followed, the risk of consanguinity is reduced.

New Zealand

In New Zealand, a voluntary policy law by fertility clinics limit one donor to "fathering" a maximum of 10 children to 4 families.

Spain

The medical practitioner performing the treatment will set his or her own limit of live births from one donor according to the size of the community where the donee is resident. This also applies when foreign women are treated in Spain.

Sweden

In Sweden, a donor may give a child to a maximum of 6 couples. However, each pair may have a sibling in addition. Thus, the limit is 12 children per donor. ^{[5] [6]} Nevertheless, the Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare (Socialstyrelsen) recommends a maximum of 6 children per donor^[7].

UK

The HFEA sets a limit of 10 families within the UK which can be created using the gametes of one donor.^[8] However, there is no limit to the number of children which may be born to each such family from the same donor. A donor may set a lower limit and may impose conditions on the use of his sperm. In addition, there is no prohibition on the export of sperm from the UK provided that the number of families created in the UK does not exceed ten at the time of the export. This means that in practice some donors may produce substantial numbers of children, particularly where sperm samples are exported within the European Union to countries such as Belgium or Spain. Special permission is required from the HFEA for the export of embryos.

USA

In the USA, the ASRM limits a donor to 25 live births per population area of 850,000.^[9] There is no central tracking, and it has been estimated, that only about 40% of births are reported. It is likely that some donors have over one hundred genetic children.^[10] Some sperm banks impose lower limits; e.g., the Sperm Bank of California has a limit of ten families per donor ^[11], and the Rainbow Flag Sperm Bank has a limit of donor children by six different women.^[12]

Donor tracking

Even when the donor had chosen to be anonymous, there are still opportunities to find the biological father for curious people conceived by donor sperm. Registries and DNA-databases are useful for this purpose.

Tracking by registries

Main article: Donor sibling registry

The Donor Sibling Registry (www.donorsiblingregistry.com)is a registry to facilitate donor conceived people, sperm donors and egg donors to establish contact with genetic kindreds. They are mostly used by donor conceived people to find genetic half-siblings from the same egg- or sperm donor.

Some donors are non-anonymous, but most are anonymous, i.e. the donor conceived person doesn't know the true identity of the donor. Still, he/she may get the donor number from the fertility clinic. If that donor had donated before, then other donor conceived people with the same donor number are thus genetic half-siblings. In short, donor sibling registries matches people who type in the same donor number.

Alternatively, if the donor number isn't available, then known donor characteristics, e.g. hair, eye and skin color may be used in matching siblings.

Donors may also register, and therefore, donor sibling registries may also match donors with their genetic children.

Tracking by DNA-databases

However, even sperm donors who have not initiated contact through a registry are now increasingly being traced by their offspring. In the current era there can be no such thing as guaranteed anonymity. Through the advent of DNA testing and internet access to extensive databases of information, one sperm donor has recently been traced. In 2005 it was revealed (3-Nov-05 New Scientist Magazine) that an enterprising 15-year-old used information from a DNA test and the internet to identify and contact his genetic father, who was a sperm donor. This has brought into question the ability of sperm donors to stay anonymous.

See also

• Sperm bank
• Egg donor
• Donor conceived people
• Posthumous sperm retrieval
• Artificial insemination
• IVF
• Surrogacy
• Third party reproduction

References

1. ^ the Economist
2. ^ Monash IVF sperm donor info
3. ^ Western Australian Reproductive Technology Council
4. ^ ^{a b} Cryos (Danish)
5. ^ Sahlgrenska Hospital's sperm donor information (Swedish)
6. ^ Karolinska University Hospital
7. ^ SOSFS 2005:17, Ändring i föreskrifterna och allmänna råden (SOSFS 2002:13) om assisterad befruktning (Swedish)
8. ^ HFEA information for donors
9. ^ ASRM guidelines for gamete and embryo donation
10. ^ DSR_Discussion Yahoo group
11. ^ The Sperm Bank of California information on donor sperm
12. ^ Rainbow Flag Health Services

Contact registries (find offspring, siblings, and donor)

• Donor Sibling Registry A non-profit organization serving more than 15,000, which assists individuals conceived as a result of sperm, egg or embryo donation to make mutually desired contact with others with whom they share genetic ties -- donors, offspring & half-siblings. More than 4000 people have connected on the DSR.
• UK Donorlink (UK Voluntary Information Exchange and Contact Register for donors and donor-conceived people)
• Australian Infertility Treatment Authority Registers (Registers relating to Donor Conception in Victoria, Australia)
• Donor Offspring Health A non-profit organization which provides a way for donors and donor conceived individuals to share pertinent health information. Anyone considering donor conception can also search the database to see if health issues have been reported for a potential donor.
• HART Register (New Zealand) (Human Assisted Reproductive Technology Register, New Zealand)

Sperm bank directories

• SpermBanker.com (Searchable listing of U.S. sperm donors from all United States sperm banks)
• HFEA (the UK's regulatory body - lists all UK clinics offering sperm donation)

Private donor listings/groups

• The Australian Sperm Donor Registry (a registry for private donors)
• Pink Parents (a UK-based organisation for LGBT families, has a registry of private donors)
• Sperm Donors Worldwide (A registry of private donors worldwide)
• FreeSpermDonors (a Yahoo group for private donors)
• homoparentalite (a group for donors in France)