Horseshoe bats
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Scientific classification
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Kingdom:
| Animalia
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Phylum:
| Chordata
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Class:
| Mammalia
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Order:
| Chiroptera
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Family:
| Rhinolophidae
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Subfamily:
| Rhinolophinae Gray, 1825
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Genus:
| Rhinolophus Lacépède, 1799
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Species
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see separate list of Rhinolophus species
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The genus Rhinolophus, commonly called horseshoe bats, comprises approximately 69 distinct species and the only genus of subfamily Rhinolophinae. This is the largest group within the Rhinolophidae family of bats, though they show very little in the way of ecological diversity and are very much a variation on the same theme.
Additional recommended knowledge
Their common name comes from the large horseshoe-shaped nose leaf used for directing their ultrasound.
They have very broad, rounded wings and very fluttery flight patterns, the "archetypal flying bat". They occur over a wide range of temperate to tropical woodland and open habitat where they catch insects in mid flight and also glean insects and spiders from foliage while hovering in front of their prey.
They are thought to represent very closely the ancestral form of the "microbat" group and so are considered among the more primitive of the whole Microchiroptera.
In September 2005, four Rhinolophus species (R. sinicus, R. ferrumequinum, R. macrotis, R. pearsoni) were identified as natural reservoirs of SARS coronavirus-like viruses, the causative agent of SARS outbreaks in 2002-2004 (Li et al, 2005; Lau et al, 2005).
List of species
- Rhinolophus acuminatus Peters, 1871 - acuminate horseshoe bat
Range: Borneo, Java, Lombok, Bali, Palawan, Nias Island, Enggano Island, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia
- Rhinolophus adami Aellen & Brosset, 1968 - Adam's horseshoe bat
Range: Congo Republic
- Rhinolophus affinis Horsfield, 1823 - intermediate horseshoe bat
Range: Indonesia, Malaysia, Sumba, Andaman Islands, Sri Lanka, Southern China
- Rhinolophus alcyone Temminck, 1852 - halcyon horseshoe bat
Range: Ghana, Senegal, Uganda, SW.Sudan, N.Zaire, Gabon, Bioko
- Rhinolophus anderseni Cabrera, 1909 - Anderson's horseshoe bat
Range: Philippines-Luzon, Palawan
- Rhinolophus arcuatus Peters, 1871 - arcuate horseshoe bat
Range: Philippines, Wetar, Sumatra, Sarawak
- Rhinolophus blasii Peters, 1867 - Blasius' horseshoe bat
Range: Europe, SW.Asia, Afghanistan, Caucasus, Morocco, Tunisia, Eritrea, N. Africa
- Rhinolophus borneensis Peters, 1861 - Bornean horseshoe bat
Range: N.Borneo, Labuan Island, Banguey Island, Karimata Island, S.Natuna Islands, Cambodia, Vietnam, Java, Bali, Timor, Sulawesi
- Rhinolophus canuti Thomas & Wroughton, 1909 - Canut's horseshoe bat
Range: Java, Timor
- Rhinolophus capensis Lichtenstein, 1823 - Cape horseshoe bat
Range: South Africa-Cape Province, Mozambique, Zambia, Zimbabwe
- Rhinolophus celebensis K. Andersen, 1905 - Sulawesi horseshoe bat
Range: South Africa
- Rhinolophus chiewkweeae Yoshiyuki & Lim 2005
- Rhinolophus clivosus Cretzschmar, 1828 - Geoffroy's horseshoe bat
Range: Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Sudan, Africa savanna zone south of Sahara, Algeria, Turkestan, NE.Iran, N.Afghanistan
- Rhinolophus coelophyllus Peters, 1867 - Croslet horseshoe bat
Range: Malaya, Thailand, Myanmar
- Rhinolophus cognatus K. Andersen, 1906 - kindred horseshoe bat
Range: Andaman Islands
- Rhinolophus cornutus Temminck, 1835 - little Japanese horseshoe bat
Range: Japan, SEChina
- Rhinolophus creaghi Thomas, 1896 - Creagh's horseshoe bat
Range: Borneo, Madura, Java, Timor
- Rhinolophus darlingi small>K. Andersen, 1905 - Darling's horseshoe bat
Range: Transvaal, Namibia, S.Angola, N.Botswana, W.Botswana, Zimbabwe, Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania
- Rhinolophus deckenii Peters, 1868 - Decken's horseshoe bat
Range: Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Pemba, Zanzibar
- Rhinolophus denti Thomas, 1904 - Dent's horseshoe bat
Range: Northern Cape Province, Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Guinea
- Rhinolophus eloquens K. Andersen, 1905 - eloquent horseshoe bat
Range: Uganda, S.Somalia, S.Sudan, NE.Zaire, Kenya, Rwanda, N.Tanzania, Pemba, Zanzibar
- Rhinolophus euryale Blasius, 1853 - Mediterranean horseshoe bat
Range: S.Europe, N.Africa, Turkestan, Iran, V.România (Tăşad)
- Rhinolophus euryotis Temminck, 1835 - broad-eared horseshoe bat
Range: Aru Islands, Buru, Ambon Island, Seram, Timor, Kai Islands, batchian, New Guinea, Bismark archipelago, Sulawesi
- Rhinolophus feae K. Andersen, 1905
Range: Myanmar, Thailand
- Rhinolophus ferrumequinum Schreber, 1774 - greater horseshoe bat
Range: Europe, UK, N.Africa, S.Palearctic, Japan
- Rhinolophus fumigatus Ruppell, 1842 - Rüppell's horseshoe bat
Range: Somalia, Ethiopia, Sudan,Kenya, Tanzania, Rwanda, Burundi, Zaire, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Togo, Benin, Senegal, Gambia, Guinea, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Niger, Cameroon, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Angola, Namibia, South Africa
- Rhinolophus guineensis Eisentraut, 1960 - Guinean horseshoe bat
Range: Côte d'Ivoire, Guinea, Liberia, Senegal, Sierra Leone
- Rhinolophus hildebrandti Peters, 1878 - Hildebrandt's horseshoe bat
Range: Transvaal, Mozambique, Ethiopia, S. Sudan, NE. Zaire
- Rhinolophus hipposideros Bechstein, 1800 - lesser horseshoe bat
Range: Ireland, UK, Europe, Iberia, Morocco, N. Africa, Turkestan, Kashmir
- Rhinolophus imaizumii Hill & Yoshiyuki, 1980 - Imaizumi's horseshoe bat
Range: S.Japan-Iriomote Island
- Rhinolophus inops K. Andersen, 1905 - Philippine forest horseshoe bat
Range: Philippines-Mindanao
- Rhinolophus keyensis Peters, 1871 - insular horseshoe bat
Range: batchian, Seram, Goram, Kai Islands, Wetar Island
- Rhinolophus landeri Martin, 1838 - Lander's horseshoe bat
Range: Senegal, Ethiopia, Somalia, Kenya, South Africa, Namibia, W.Angola, Bioko, Zaire, Zanzibar
- Rhinolophus lepidus Blyth, 1844 - Blyth's horseshoe bat
Range: Afghanistan, N.India, Myanmar, Thailand, Sichuan, Yunnan, Malaya, Sumatra
- Rhinolophus luctus Temminck, 1835 - woolly horseshoe bat
Range: India, Nepal, Sikkim, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, S.China, Taiwan, Vietnam, Laos, Thailand, Malaya, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Bali
- Rhinolophus maclaudi Pousargues, 1897 - Maclaud's horseshoe bat
Range: Guinea, E.Zaire, W.Uganda, Rwanda
- Rhinolophus macrotis Blyth, 1844 - big-eared horseshoe bat
Range: N.India, S.China, Vietnam, Malaya, Sumatra, Guimaras Island
- Rhinolophus malayanus Bonhote, 1903 - Malayan horseshoe bat
Range: Thailand, Laos, Vietnam
- Rhinolophus marshalli Thonglongya, 1973 - Marshall's horseshoe bat
Range: Thailand
- Rhinolophus megaphyllus Gray, 1834 - smaller horseshoe bat
Range: E.New Guinea, Misima Island, Goodenough Island, Bismark archipelago, Australia -Queensland, New South Wales, SE. Victoria
- Rhinolophus mehelyi Matschie, 1901 - Mehely's horseshoe bat
Range: S.Europe, Morocco, Cyrenaica, Asia Minor, Caucasus, Iran
- Rhinolophus mitratus Blyth, 1844 - mitred horseshoe bat
Range: N.India
- Rhinolophus monoceros K. Andersen, 1905 - Formosan lesser horseshoe bat
Range: Taiwan
- Rhinolophus nereis K. Andersen, 1905 - Neriad horseshoe bat
Range: Siantan Island, Bungaran Island
- Rhinolophus osgoodi Sanborn, 1939 - 92-92.5kHz
Range: China-Yunnan
- Rhinolophus paradoxolophus Bourret, 1951 - Bourret's horseshoe bat
Range: N.Vietnam, Thailand
- Rhinolophus pearsonii Horsfield, 1851 - Pearson's horseshoe bat
Range: N.India, Myanmar, China-Sichuan, Anhui, Fujian, N.Vietnam, Thailand, Malaya
- Rhinolophus philippinensis Waterhouse, 1843 - large-eared horseshoe bat
Range: Philippines-Mindoro, Luzon, Mindanao, Negros, Kai Islands, S.Sulawesi, Timor, N.Borneo, Australia-NE.Queensland
- Rhinolophus pusillus Temminck, 1834 - least horseshoe bat
Range: India, Thailand, Malaya, Mentawai Islands
- Rhinolophus rex G. M. Allen, 1923 - king horseshoe bat
Range: SW.China
- Rhinolophus robinsoni K. Andersen, 1918 - peninsular horseshoe bat
Range: Malaya, Thailand
- Rhinolophus rouxii Temminck, 1835 - rufous horseshoe bat
Range: Sri Lanka, India, S.China, Vietnam
- Rhinolophus rufus Eydous & Gervais, 1836 - large rufous horseshoe bat
Range: Philippines
- Rhinolophus sakejiensis Cotterill, 2002
Range: Zambia
- Rhinolophus sedulus K. Andersen, 1905 - lesser woolly horseshoe bat
Range: Malaya, Borneo
- Rhinolophus shameli Tate, 1943 - Shamel's horseshoe bat
Range: Burma, Thailand, Cambodia, Malaya
- Rhinolophus silvestris Aellen, 1959 - forest horseshoe bat
Range: Gabon, Congo Republic
- Rhinolophus simplex K. Andersen, 1905 - Lombok horseshoe bat
Range: Lombok, Sumbawa, Komodo Island
- Rhinolophus simulator K. Andersen, 1904 - bushveld horseshoe bat
Range: South Africa, S.Sudan, Ethiopia, Cameroon, N.Nigeria
- Rhinolophus stheno K. Andersen, 1905 - lesser brown horseshoe bat
Range: Malaya, Thailand, Sumatra, Java
- Rhinolophus subbadius Blyth, 1844 - little Nepalese horseshoe bat
Range: Assam, Nepal, N.Vietnam, Myanmar
- Rhinolophus subrufus K. Andersen, 1905 - small rufous horseshoe bat
Range: Philippines-Mindanao, Luzon, Mindoro, Negros
- Rhinolophus swinnyi Gough, 1908 - Swinny's horseshoe bat
Range: South Africa, S.Zaire, Zanzibar
- Rhinolophus thomasi K. Andersen, 1905 - Thomas' horseshoe bat
Range: SE. Myanmar, N. Vietnam, Thailand, Yunnan
- Rhinolophus trifoliatus Temminck, 1834 - trefoil horseshoe bat
Range: Malaya, Sumatra, Riau Islands, Banguey Island, Borneo, Java, SW.Thailand, Myanmar, NE.India, Bangka Island, Nias
- Rhinolophus virgo K. Andersen, 1905 - yellow-faced horseshoe bat
Range: Philippines
- Rhinolophus yunanensis Dobson, 1872 - Dobson's horseshoe bat
Range: China-Yunnan, Thailand, NE.India
References
- Li, W, Zhengli, S, Meng, Y et al . (2005). Bats are natural reservoirs of SARS-like coronaviruses. Science 310 (5748):676–679.
- Lau, S, Woo, P, Li, K et al . (2005). Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-like virus in Chinese horseshoe bats. PNAS 102 (39):14040–14045.
References in Borneo
Abdullah MT. 2003. Biogeography and variation of Cynopterus brachyotis in Southeast Asia. PhD thesis. The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia.
Corbet, GB, Hill JE. 1992. The mammals of the Indomalayan region: a systematic review. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Hall LS, Gordon G. Grigg, Craig Moritz, Besar Ketol, Isa Sait, Wahab Marni and M.T. Abdullah. 2004. Biogeography of fruit bats in Southeast Asia. Sarawak Museum Journal LX(81):191-284.
Karim, C., A.A. Tuen and M.T. Abdullah. 2004. Mammals. Sarawak Museum Journal Special
Issue No. 6. 80: 221—234.
Mohd. Azlan J., Ibnu Maryanto , Agus P. Kartono and M.T. Abdullah. 2003 Diversity, Relative
Abundance and Conservation of Chiropterans in Kayan Mentarang National Park, East
Kalimantan, Indonesia. Sarawak Museum Journal 79: 251-265.
Hall LS, Richards GC, Abdullah MT. 2002. The bats of Niah National Park, Sarawak. Sarawak Museum Journal. 78: 255-282.
Wilson DE, Reeder DM. 2005. Mammal species of the world. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington DC.
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