Retirement Insurance Benefits

Retirement Insurance Benefits (abbreviated RIB^[1]) or Old-age Insurance Benefits^[2] are a form of social insurance payments made by the Social Security Administration paid based upon the attainment old age (62 or older). Benefit payments are made on the 3^rd of the month, or the 2^nd, 3^rd, or 4^th Wednesday of the month, based upon the date of birth and entitlement to other benefits.

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Legal authority

RIB is authorized under Title II of the Social Security Act^[3].

Entitlement factors

Certain requirements must be met before a person becomes entitled to RIB. These requirements are based on both age and payments made into the Social Security System through payroll taxes. These are^[4]:

• • be fully insured under the Social Security system
  • have obtained the age of 62 by the first of the month.
  • have either applied for the benefits or have been automatically converted from Disability Insurance Benefits at Full Retirement Age.

Fully insured status

A person attains fully insured status based upon their payments into the Social Security system through payroll taxes and the amount of time they have been working in a job covered through the Social Security system. This is measured through quarters of coverage (QCs)^[5].

In order to be considered fully insured, a person must have at least 1 QC for each calendar year after the later of 1950 or the year they obtain the age of 21 and the earlier of the year which they obtain the age of 62 or the year of death. A person also must have at least six total QCs and will not be required to have more than 40 QCs to be fully insured. Fully insured status is used for other benefits besides RIB^[6].

Age 62

The United States uses English common law; because of this a person obtains their age on the day before their birthday^[7]. A person born on the first of month is considered to obtain their age in the month prior and a person born on [January 1]^st is considered to obtain their age in the prior year. In order for a person to be eligible for RIB in the month of their birth, they must have either been born on the first (where they obtained their age in the prior month) or the second of the month (where they obtained their age on the first of the month).

Application

Benefit payments vary, in part, based on when a person claims RIB, so not every person will desire to begin collecting their benefits at the same time. As a result, an application must be filed with the Social Security Administration before one can collect RIB. There are several ways to apply for the benefits^[8]:

• • applying online
  • applying at your local social security office
  • applying with the Immediate Claims Taking Unit at 1-800-772-1213
  • applying by mail

Benefit amount

The amount of a RIB payment is based upon several factors, including: social security payroll taxes paid into the Social Security Trust Fund, the age at which benefits are claimed, the current earned income of an individual, and military service.

Primary Insurance Amount (PIA)

Main article: Primary Insurance Amount

The primary factor in deciding the amount of a RIB payment is the PIA which may be computed in different ways; the highest PIA is used on a person's record. Where a new start method and an old start method come up with the same PIA, it is considered that the new start method is used^[9].

Benefits reduced for age

RIB benefits can be claimed in any month after the age of 62, subject to certain restrictions^[10]. However, benefits may be reduced if they are claimed before that person's Full Retirement Age. For each month that the benefit is claimed before the month in which the person attains Full Retirement Age, the benefit is reduced by a certain amount of the PIA. For the first 36 months, the benefit is reduced by 5/9 of 1% of the PIA; for additional months it is reduced by 5/12 of 1%^[11].

For the formulae, RF means Reduction Factor, the number of months RIB is claimed early

Formula for First 36 Months: Benefit = PIA × (180 - RF)/180

Formula for Additional Months: Benefit = PIA × (228 - RF)/240

Delayed Retirement Credits (DRCs)

DRCs are accrued in any month between the month in which a person attains Full Retirement Age and the month they attain the age of 70 and they postpone claiming RIB. A person who is already claiming RIB may also voluntarily decide to stop receiving their payments temporarily to accrue DRCs beginning at their Full Retirement Age^[12].

The value of DRCs varies based on the date of birth of an individual, being worth 1/12 % a month for those born before January 2, 1917 and 2/3 % a month for those born after January 1, 1943^[13]. (See SSA's chart)

Earnings tests

An earnings test has been part of the calculation of retirement benefits since the Social Security Act was signed in 1935^[14]. There are two earnings tests applied to beneficiaries who are under Full Retirement Age, the Annual Earnings Test (AET) and Monthly Earnings Test (MET). The Senior Citizen's Right to Work Act of 2000, signed into law April 7, 2000, eliminated the use of these tests for beneficiaries who have attained their Full Retirement Age^[15].

AET

The AET is used as the primary earnings test for RIB. The test applies only to earned income and has a two tier system in calculating deductions. The first tier, for those who are not reaching Full Retirement Age in the current year, reduces the benefits for the year by $1 for every full $2 the beneficiary earns over the annual exempt amount. The second tier, for those who are reaching their full retirement age, reduces the benefits for the year by $1 for every full $3 the beneficiary earns over the second tier annual exempt amount^[16]. The first tier annual exempt amount is $13,560 and the second tier annual exempt amount is $36,120 for the year 2008^[17]. When possible, all benefits deducted are deducted at the beginning of the year before any benefits are paid^[18].

MET

The MET can be used only in certain years, under certain conditions. In order for the MET to be applied to any given year, that year must first be considered a grace year^[19], which requires that it either be the first year in which the beneficiary is entitled to benefits under Title II of the Social Security Act, during a year in which there was at least one month in which the beneficiary was not entitled to Title II benefits, or a year in which the beneficiaries entitlement to Title II benefits was terminated for reasons other than death. The grace year must also include at least one non-service month, which is any month in which the beneficiary neither earns wages over the monthly exempt amount nor performs substantial services in self-employment^[20]. Services are considered substantial in self-employment if they consist of over 45 hours in a single month or 15 hours if it is a "highly skilled occupation^[21]."

The monthly exempt amount is 1/12 of the yearly exempt amount for that year. For first tier beneficiaries, the monthly exempt amount is $1,130 and $3,010 for second tier beneficiaries for 2008^[22].

The MET is helpful for beneficiaries who retire in the middle of the year and who would be penalized for earlier earnings under the AET.

Windfall Elimination Provision (WEP)

Main article: Windfall Elimination Provision

The Social Security Amendments of 1983 (Public Law 98-21) created the WEP. Beneficiaries who have been employed in work that does not pay into the Social Security Trust Fund and who receive a pension from that employment based upon earnings which were not covered by Social Security may see their benefits partially offset by the WEP. The WEP applies once the beneficiary is both entitled to RIB and is entitled to the pension or meets all the requirements except for stopping work or filing an application^[23].

There is a possibility that with enough years of coverage (YOC) that the WEP may be either reduced or waived. Anyone with 30 or more YOCs is exempt from the WEP. Beneficiaries with between 21 and 29 YOCs will have the effect of the WEP reduced^[24].

The WEP may reduce the benefit in various ways, taking various rules and computation methods into account (see main article). The WEP was developed as the result of the progressive method in which the PIA is computed. Since those with less earnings on the record receive a comparatively larger percentage of their average income, under normal computations a beneficiary who paid in little to the Social Security system and who is drawing a separate pension may have what is perceived as an unfair advantage in their benefits.

Full retirement age

Originally, all RIB beneficiaries reached their Full Retirement Age at the age of 65. Changes in the Full Retirement Age have been enacted, based upon the birthdate of the beneficiary as follows^[25]:

• • Prior to 1/2/1938 - 65 years
  • 1/2/1938 through 1/1/1939 - 65 years and 2 months
  • 1/2/1939 through 1/1/1940 - 65 years and 4 months
  • 1/2/1940 through 1/1/1941 - 65 years and 6 months
  • 1/2/1941 through 1/1/1942 - 65 years and 8 months
  • 1/2/1942 through 1/1/1943 - 65 years and 10 months
  • 1/2/1943 through 1/1/1955 - 66 years
  • 1/2/1955 through 1/1/1956 - 66 years and 2 months
  • 1/2/1956 through 1/1/1957 - 66 years and 4 months
  • 1/2/1957 through 1/1/1958 - 66 years and 6 months
  • 1/2/1958 through 1/1/1959 - 66 years and 8 months
  • 1/2/1959 through 1/1/1960 - 66 years and 10 months
  • After 1/1/1960 - 67 years

Time of payment

RIB payments, like all benefits paid under Title II of the Social Security Act, are generally paid on one of the following days depending on the beneficiary's payment cycle^[26]:

• • Cycle 1: 3^rd day of the month
  • Cycle 2: 2^nd Wednesday of the month
  • Cycle 3: 3^rd Wednesday of the month
  • Cycle 4: 4^th Wednesday of the month

Cycling the benefits onto four different payment days began in 1997 as the result of unequal workloads in the beginning of the month which made it difficult for all beneficiaries to have easy access to the Administration. At this time, over 50 million checks were issued by the Administration within the first three days of the month with an expectation that the workload would be over 70 million within the first three days by 2020 with the baby boomers retired.

Beneficiaries who are already receiving benefits on the 3^rd of the month continue receiving them on that date, unless they volunteer for cycling. New beneficiaries who were born between the 1^st and 10^th of the month are in Payment Cycle 2; those born between the 11^th and 20^th are in Payment Cycle 3; and those born later in the month are in Payment Cycle 4. However, certain individuals will still be placed into Payment Cycle 1^[27]:

• • beneficiaries who receive Supplemental Security Income (SSI)
  • beneficiaries whose income is deemed, in part, to a SSI recipient
  • beneficiaries for whom the State pays their Medicare premiums through the Qualified Medicare Beneficiaries program
  • beneficiaries who become entitled on a new record and who were receiving benefits on the 3^rd of the month on another record, without a break in entitlement
  • beneficiaries who receive any payments from the Railroad Retirement Board, and
  • beneficiaries whose checks are garnished by court-ordered child support, alimony, or tax levy

Title II payments a beneficiary is entitled to for any given month will be paid in the following month. (ex. if a beneficiary is entitled to a payment in August, they will receive that payment in September)

Termination of benefits

The last month of entitlement to RIB is the month before the month in which the beneficiary dies^[28].

Notes

Sources

Social Security Online. Social Security Administration. www.ssa.gov.

Social Security Program Operations Manual System. Social Security Administration. https://s044a90.ssa.gov/apps10/poms.nsf/partlist!OpenView.

See also

• Children's Benefits
• Disability Insurance Benefits
• Spouse's Benefits
• Social Security Administration
• Social Security (United States)
• Supplemental Security Income
• Widow's and Widower's Benefits