Reduplicative paramnesia

Reduplicative paramnesia is the delusional belief that a place or location has been duplicated, existing in two or more places simultaneously, or that it has been 'relocated' to another site. It is one of the delusional misidentification syndromes and, although rare, is most commonly associated with acquired brain injury, particularly simultaneous damage to the right cerebral hemisphere and to both frontal lobes.

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History

The term reduplicative paramnesia was first used in 1903 by the Czechoslovakian neurologist Arnold Pick to describe a condition in a patient with suspected Alzheimer's disease who insisted that she had been moved from Pick's city clinic, to one she claimed looked identical but was in a familiar suburb. To explain the discrepancy she further claimed that Pick and the medical staff worked at both locations.¹

In retrospect, however, the phenomena has been found to have been first reported by the Swiss naturalist Charles Bonnet in 1788², who described a woman who also had what would now be called Cotard delusion. Henry Head³ and Paterson and Zangwill⁴ later reported on soldiers who had the delusional belief that their hospital was located in their home town, although in these cases traumatic brain injury seemed to be the most likely cause.

It wasn't until 1976 that serious consideration was given to the disorder, when three cases were reported by Benson and colleagues.⁵ Benson not only described striking reduplication syndromes in his patients, but also attempted to explain the phenomena in terms of the neurocognitive deficits also present in the patients. This was one of the first attempts to give a neuropsychological explanation for the disorder.

Clinical phenomena

Reduplicative paramnesia has been reported in the context of a number of neurological disorders, including stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage, tumor, dementia, encephalopathy and various psychiatric disorders.⁶

Taken from the Benson and colleagues study, the following excerpt illustrates some of the core features of the delusion. The patient had suffered a head injury after a fall in his home. The impact had caused a fractured skull and frontal lobe damage to both sides (although more pronounced on the right) owing to the formation of intracerebral hematomas:

The illusory relocation to a familiar place, such as a home or town the patient knows well, is a common theme, although occasionally the patient believes they are resident in more fantastical or exotic locations (such as, in one case, Timbuktu).⁷

Medical explanations

Early psychodynamic explanations suggested that reduplicative paramnesia was not directly connected to brain injury, but arises from a motivated denial of illness, particularly, as Weinstein and Kahn⁸ claimed, in those that regard illness as a "imperfection, weakness or disgrace". Other early investigators, did accept that brain injury was an important factor, but suggested that the disorientation was a "hysterical reaction" motivated by a desire to return home.⁴

The majority of modern theories, however, suggest that the disorder is caused by disruption to the brain systems involved in memory and familiarity. Interestingly, this was the theme of Pick's original explanation, in which he suggested that the crucial mechanism was a "convulsive attack" that disrupted conscious memory.¹

Benson and colleagues⁵ later argued that damage to the right hemisphere of the brain left patients unable to maintain orientation owing to impaired visuospatial perception and visual memory, while frontal lobe damage made it difficult to inhibit the false impressions caused by disorientation.

More recent research has broadly supported this view⁹, and links have been made to the literature on confabulation, where patients seem to recall false memories without any realisation that they are false, often also in the context of frontal lobe damage. Right hemisphere damage is also linked to anosognosia, where patients seems unaware of often striking disabilities present after brain injury, also suggesting a link to the lack of insight seen in this disorder.

One case study has suggested a more refined explanation¹⁰, suggesting that damage to the ventral stream of the visual system, that connects the visual cortex to areas in the temporal lobes, could produce the required visuospatial disorientation and poor memory integration. The temporal areas (including the hippocampus) are known strongly to interact with the frontal lobes during memory formation and retrieval, suggesting an explanation for why frontal damage could also lead to the condition.

See also

• delusional misidentification syndrome

References

Note 1: Pick, A. (1903) On reduplicative paramnesia. Brain, 26, 242-267.
Note 2: Forstl H., Beats, B. (1992) Charles Bonnet's description of Cotard's delusion and reduplicative paramnesia in an elderly patient (1788) British Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 416-8.
Note 3: Head, H. (1926) Aphasia and Kindred Disorders. London: Cambridge University Press.
Note 4: Paterson, A. & Zangwill, O. (1944) Recovery of spatial orientation in the post-traumatic confusional state. Brain, 67, 54-68.
Note 5: Benson, D.F., Gardner, H., Meadows, J.C. (1976) Reduplicative paramnesia. Neurology, 26(2), 147-51.
Note 6: Forstl, H., Almeida, O.P., Owen, A.M., Burns, A., Howard, R. (1991) Psychiatric, neurological and medical aspects of misidentification syndromes: a review of 260 cases. Psychological Medicine, 21(4), 905-10.
Note 7: Fisher, C.M. (1982) Disorientation for place. Archives of Neurology, 39(1), 33-6.
Note 8: Weinstein, E.A. & Kahn, R.L. (1955) Denial of Illness: Symbolic and Physiological Aspects. Springfield, IL: Thomas.
Note 9: Sellal, F., Fontaine, S.F., van der Linden, M., Rainville, C., Labrecque, R. (1996) To be or not to be at home? A neuropsychological approach to delusion for place. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 18(2), 234-48.
Note 10: Budson, A.E., Roth, H.L., Rentz, D.M., Ronthal, M. (2000) Disruption of the ventral visual stream in a case of reduplicative paramnesia. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 911, 447-52.