Radiopharmacology is the study and preparation of radiopharmaceuticals, which are radioactive pharmaceuticals. Radiopharmaceuticals are used in the field of nuclear medicine as tracers in the diagnosis and treatment of many diseases. Many radiopharmaceuticals use technetium (Tc-99m). In the book Technetium by Klaus Schwochau, 31 different radiopharmaceuticals based on Tc-99m are listed for imaging and functional studies of the brain, myocardium, thyroid, lungs, liver, gallbladder, kidneys, skeleton, blood and tumors.
A list of nuclear medicine radiopharmaceuticals follows. Some radioisotopes are used in ionic or inert form without attachment to a pharmaceutical, these are also included. There is a section for each radioisotope with a table of radiopharmaceuticals using that radioisotope. The sections are ordered alphabetically by the English name of the radioisotope. Sections for the same element are then ordered by atomic mass number.
Additional recommended knowledge
Calcium-47
47Ca is a beta and gamma emitter.
Name
| Investigation
| Route of administration
| In-vitro / in-vivo
| Imaging / non-imaging
|
Ca-47-Ca2+
| Bone metabolism
| IV
| In-vitro
| Non-imaging
|
Carbon-11
11C is a positron emitter.
Name
| Investigation
| Route of administration
| In-vitro / in-vivo
| Imaging / non-imaging
|
C11-L-methyl-methionine
| Brain tumour imaging
Parathyroid imaging
| IV
| In-vivo
| Imaging
|
Carbon-14
14C is a beta emitter.
Name
| Investigation
| Route of administration
| In-vitro / in-vivo
| Imaging / non-imaging
|
C14-Glycocholic acid
| Breath test for small intestine bacterial overgrowth
| Oral
| In-vitro
| Non-imaging
|
C14-PABA (para-amino benzoic acid)
| Pancreatic studies
| Oral
| In-vitro
| Non-imaging
|
C14-Urea
| Breath test to detect Helicobacter pylori
| Oral
| In-vitro
| Non-imaging
|
C14-d-xylose
| Breath test for small intestine bacterial overgrowth
| Oral
| In-vitro
| Non-imaging
|
Chromium-51
51Cr is a gamma emitter.
Name
| Investigation
| Route of administration
| In-vitro / in-vivo
| Imaging / non-imaging
|
Cr51-Red blood cells
| Red cell volume; sites of sequestration; gastrointestinal blood loss
| IV
| In-vitro
| Non-imaging
|
Cr51-Cr3+
| Gastrointestinal protein loss
| IV
| In-vitro
| Non-imaging
|
Cr51-EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid)
| Glomerular filtration rate measurement
| IV
| In-vitro
| Non-imaging
|
Cobalt-57
57Co is a gamma emitter.
Name
| Investigation
| Route of administration
| In-vitro / in-vivo
| Imaging / non-imaging
|
Co57-Cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12)
| Gastrointestinal absorption
| Oral
| In-vitro
| Non-imaging
|
Cobalt-58
58Co is a gamma emitter.
Name
| Investigation
| Route of administration
| In-vitro / in-vivo
| Imaging / non-imaging
|
Co58-Cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12)
| Gastrointestinal absorption
| Oral
| In-vitro
| Non-imaging
|
Erbium-169
169Er is a beta emitter.
Name
| Treatment of
| Route of administration
|
Er169-Colloid
| Arthritic conditions
| Intra-articular
|
Fluorine-18
18F is a positron emitter.
Name
| Investigation
| Route of administration
| In-vitro / in-vivo
| Imaging / non-imaging
|
F18-FDG (Fluorodeoxyglucose)
| Tumour imaging
Myocardial imaging
| IV
| In-vivo
| Imaging
|
F18-Fluoride
| Bone imaging
| IV
| In-vivo
| Imaging
|
Gallium-67
67Ga is a gamma emitter. See Gallium scan.
Name
| Investigation
| Route of administration
| In-vitro / in-vivo
| Imaging / non-imaging
|
Ga67-Ga3+
| Tumour imaging
| IV
| In-vivo
| Imaging
|
Ga67-Ga3+
| Infection/inflammation imaging
| IV
| In-vivo
| Imaging
|
Hydrogen-3
3H or tritium is a beta emitter.
Name
| Investigation
| Route of administration
| In-vitro / in-vivo
| Imaging / non-imaging
|
H3-water
| Total body water
| Oral or IV
| In-vitro
| Non-imaging
|
Indium-111
111In is a gamma emitter.
Name
| Investigation
| Route of administration
| In-vitro / in-vivo
| Imaging / non-imaging
|
In111-DTPA (diethylenetriaminepenta-acetic acid)
| GI transit
| Oral
| In-vivo
| Imaging
|
In111-DTPA (diethylenetriaminepenta-acetic acid)
| Cisternography
| Intra-cisternal
| In-vivo
| Imaging
|
In111-Leucocytes
| Infection/inflammation imaging
| IV
| In-vivo
| Imaging
|
In111-Platelets
| Thrombus imaging
| IV
| In-vivo
| Imaging
|
In111-Pentetreotide
| Somatostatin receptor imaging
| IV
| In-vivo
| Imaging
|
Iodine-123
123I is a gamma emitter.
Name
| Investigation
| Route of administration
| In-vitro / in-vivo
| Imaging / non-imaging
|
I123-Iodide
| Thyroid uptake
| Oral or IV
| In-vivo
| Non-imaging
|
I123-Iodide
| Thyroid imaging
Thyroid metastases imaging
| Oral or IV
| In-vivo
| Imaging
|
I123-o-Iodohippurate
| Renal imaging
| IV
| In-vivo
| Imaging
|
I123-MIBG (m-iodobenzylguanidine)
| Neuroectodermal tumour imaging
| IV
| In-vivo
| Imaging
|
I123-FP-CIT
| SPECT imaging of Parkinson's Disease
| IV
| In-vivo
| Imaging
|
Iodine-131
131I is a beta and gamma emitter.
Diagnostic
Name
| Investigation
| Route of administration
| In-vitro / in-vivo
| Imaging / non-imaging
|
I131-Iodide
| Thyroid uptake
| Oral
| In-vivo
| Non-imaging
|
I131-Iodide
| Thyroid metastases imaging
| Oral or IV
| In-vivo
| Imaging
|
I131-MIBG (m-iodobenzylguanidine)
| Neuroectodermal tumour imaging
| IV
| In-vivo
| Imaging
|
Therapeutic
Name
| Treatment of
| Route of administration
|
I131-Iodide
| Thyrotoxicosis
| IV or Oral
|
I131-Iodide
| Non-toxic goitre
| IV or Oral
|
I131-Iodide
| Thyroid carcinoma
| IV or Oral
|
I131-MIBG (m-iodobenzylguanidine)
| Malignant disease
| IV
|
Iron-59
59Fe is a beta and gamma emitter.
Name
| Investigation
| Route of administration
| In-vitro / in-vivo
| Imaging / non-imaging
|
Fe59-Fe2+ or Fe3+
| Iron metabolism
| IV
| In-vitro
| Non-imaging
|
Krypton-81m
81Krm is a gamma emitter.
Name
| Investigation
| Route of administration
| In-vitro / in-vivo
| Imaging / non-imaging
|
Kr81m-Gas
| Lung ventilation imaging
| Inhalation
| In-vivo
| Imaging
|
Kr-81m-Aqueous solution
| Lung perfusion imaging
| IV
| In-vivo
| Imaging
|
Nitrogen-13
13N is a positron emitter.
Name
| Investigation
| Route of administration
| In-vitro / in-vivo
| Imaging / non-imaging
|
N13-Ammonia
| Myocardial blood flow imaging
| IV
| In-vivo
| Imaging
|
Oxygen-15
15O is a positron emitter.
Name
| Investigation
| Route of administration
| In-vitro / in-vivo
| Imaging / non-imaging
|
O15-Water
| Cerebral blood flow imaging
Myocardial blood flow imaging
| IV bolus
| In-vivo
| Imaging
|
Phosphorus-32
32P is a beta emitter.
Name
| Treatment of
| Route of administration
|
P32-Phosphate
| Polycythemia and related disorders
| IV or Oral
|
Samarium-153
153Sm is a beta and gamma emitter.
Name
| Treatment of
| Route of administration
|
Sm153-EDTMP (Ethylenediaminotetramethylenephosphoric acid)
| Bone metastases
| IV
|
Selenium-75
75Se is a gamma emitter.
Name
| Investigation
| Route of administration
| In-vitro / in-vivo
| Imaging / non-imaging
|
Se75-Selenorcholesterol
| Adrenal gland imaging
| IV
| In-vivo
| Imaging
|
Se75-SeHCAT (23-Seleno-25-homo-tauro-cholate)
| Bile salt absorption
| Oral
| In-vivo
| Imaging
|
Sodium-22
22Na is a positron and gamma emitter.
Name
| Investigation
| Route of administration
| In-vitro / in-vivo
| Imaging / non-imaging
|
Na22-Na+
| Electrolyte studies
| Oral or IV
| In-vitro
| Non-imaging
|
Sodium-24
24Na is a beta and gamma emitter.
Name
| Investigation
| Route of administration
| In-vitro / in-vivo
| Imaging / non-imaging
|
Na24-Na+
| Electrolyte studies
| Oral or IV
| In-vitro
| Non-imaging
|
Strontium-89
89Sr is a beta emitter.
Name
| Treatment of
| Route of administration
|
Sr89-Chloride
| Bone metastases
| IV
|
Technetium-99m
99mTc is a gamma emitter.
Name
| Investigation
| Route of administration
| In-vitro / in-vivo
| Imaging / non-imaging
|
Tc99m-pertechnetate
| Thyroid uptake and thyroid imaging
Stomach and salivary gland imaging
Meckel's diverticulum imaging
Brain imaging
Micturating cystogram
First pass blood flow imaging
First pass peripheral vascular imaging
| IV
| In-vivo
| Imaging
|
Tc99m-pertechnetate
| Lacrimal imaging
| Eye drops
| In-vivo
| Imaging
|
Tc99m-Human albumin
| Cardiac blood pool imaging
| IV
| In-vivo
| Imaging
|
Tc99m-Human albumin
| Peripheral vascular imaging
| IV
| In-vivo
| Imaging
|
Tc99m-Human albumin macroaggregates or microspheres
| Lung perfusion imaging
| IV
| In-vivo
| Imaging
|
Tc99m-Human albumin macroaggregates or microspheres
| Lung perfusion imaging with venography
| IV
| In-vivo
| Imaging
|
Tc99m-Phosphonates and phosphates
| Bone imaging
| IV
| In-vivo
| Imaging
|
Tc99m-Phosphonates and phosphates
| Myocardial imaging
| IV
| In-vivo
| Imaging
|
Tc99m-DTPA (diethylenetriaminepenta-acetic acid)
| Renal imaging First pass blood flow studies Brain imaging
| IV
| In-vivo
| Imaging
|
Tc99m-DTPA (diethylenetriaminepenta-acetic acid)
| Lung ventilation imaging
| Aerosol inhalation
| In-vivo
| Imaging
|
Tc99m-DMSA(V) (dimercaptosuccinic acid)
| Tumour imaging
| IV
| In-vivo
| Imaging
|
Tc99m-DMSA(III) (dimercaptosuccinic acid)
| Renal imaging
| IV
| In-vivo
| Imaging
|
Tc99m-Colloid
| Bone marrow imaging
GI Bleeding
| IV
| In-vivo
| Imaging
|
Tc99m-Colloid
| Lymph node imaging
| Interstitial
| In-vivo
| Imaging
|
Tc99m-Colloid
| Oesophageal transit and reflux imaging
| Oral
| In-vivo
| Imaging
|
Tc99m-Colloid
| Lacrimal imaging
| Eye drops
| In-vivo
| Imaging
|
Tc99m-HIDA (Hepatic iminodiacetic acid)
| Functional biliary system imaging
| IV
| In-vivo
| Imaging
|
Tc99m-Denatured red bood cells
| Red cell volume
| IV
| In-vitro
| Non-imaging
|
Tc99m-Red blood cells
| GI bleeding
Cardiac blood pool imaging
Peripheral vascular imaging
| IV
| In-vivo
| Imaging
|
Tc99m-MAG3 (mercaptoacetyltriglycine)
| Renal imaging
First pass blood flow imaging
| IV
| In-vivo
| Imaging
|
Tc99m-HMPAO (Hexamethyl-propylene amine oxime)
| Cerebral blood flow imaging
| IV
| In-vivo
| Imaging
|
Tc99m-HMPAO (Hexamethyl-propylene amine oxime) labelled leucocytes
| Infection/inflammation imaging
| IV
| In-vivo
| Imaging
|
Tc99m-Sestamibi
| Parathyroid imaging
Non-specific tumour imaging
Thyroid tumour imaging
Breast imaging
Myocardial imaging
| IV
| In-vivo
| Imaging
|
Tc99m-Sulesomab (IMMU-MN3 murine Fab'-SH antigranulocyte monoclonal antibody fragments)
| Infection/inflammation imaging
| IV
| In-vivo
| Imaging
|
Tc99m-Technegas
| Lung ventilation imaging
| Inhalation
| In-vivo
| Imaging
|
Tc99m-Human immunoglobulin
| Infection/inflammation imaging
| IV
| In-vivo
| Imaging
|
Tc99m-Tetrofosmin
| Parathyroid imaging
Myocardial imaging
| IV
| In-vivo
| Imaging
|
Tc99m-ECD (ethyl cysteinate dimer)
| Brain imaging
| IV
| In-vivo
| Imaging
|
Thallium-201
201Tl is a gamma emitter.
Name
| Investigation
| Route of administration
| In-vitro / in-vivo
| Imaging / non-imaging
|
Tl201-Tl+
| Non-specific tumour imaging
Thyroid tumour imaging
Myocardial imaging
Parathyroid imaging
| IV
| In-vivo
| Imaging
|
Xenon-133
133Xe is a gamma emitter.
Name
| Investigation
| Route of administration
| In-vitro / in-vivo
| Imaging / non-imaging
|
Xe133-gas
| Lung ventilation studies
| Inhalation
| In-vivo
| Imaging
|
Xe133 in isotonic sodium chloride solution
| Cerebral blood flow
| IV
| In-vivo
| Imaging
|
Yttrium-90
90Y is a beta emitter.
Name
| Treatment of
| Route of administration
|
Y90-Silicate
| Arthritic conditions
| Intra-articular
|
Y90-Silicate
| Malignant disease
| Intracavitary
|
References
- Notes for guidance on the clinical administration of radiopharmaceuticals and use of sealed radioactive sources. Administration of radioactive substances advisory committee. December 1998. Produced by the National Radiological Protection Board.
- Malabsorption. In: The Merck Manual of Geriatrics, chapter 111.
- Leukoscan summary of product characteristics (Tc99m-Sulesomab).
- Schwochau, Klaus. Technetium. Wiley-VCH (2000). ISBN 3-527-29496-1
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