Protein C deficiency Classification & external resources
ICD-9
| 289.81
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OMIM
| 176860
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DiseasesDB
| 10807
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eMedicine
| med/1923
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MeSH
| D020151
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Protein C deficiency is a rare genetic trait that predisposes to thrombotic disease. It was first described in 1981. The disease belongs to a group of genetic disorders know as thrombophilias. The prevalence of protein C deficiency has been estimated to about 0,2% of the general population.
Additional recommended knowledge
Protein C deficiency is associated with an increased incidence of venous thromboembolism (relative risk 7), whereas no association with arterial thrombotic disease has been found.
Pathophysiology
The main function of protein C is its anticoagulant property as an inhibitor of coagulation factors V and VIII.
There are two main types of protein C mutations that lead to protein C deficiency:
- Type I: Quantitative defects of protein C (low production or short protein half life)
- Type II: Qualitative defects, in which interaction with other molecules is abnormal. Defects in interaction with thrombomodulin, phospholipids, factors V/VIII and others have been described.
Homozygous protein C mutations often causes a severe thrombotic disorder known as purpura fulminans.protein c deficiency has only had 16 cases before 1999
Treatment
Primary phrophylaxis with aspirin, heparin or warfarin should be considered in known familial cases.
Anticoagulant prophylaxis is given to all who develop a venous clot regardless of underlying cause.
Studies have demonstrated an increased risk of recurrent venours thromboembolic events in patients with protein C deficiency. Therefore, long-term anticoagulation therapy with warfarin should be considered in these patients.
Homozygous protein C defect constitutes a potentially life-threatening disease, and warrants the use of supplemental protein C concentrates.
Pathology: hematology (primarily C81-C96/200-208, D45-D47, D50-D77/280-289) |
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WBCs | hematological malignancy (lymphoma, leukemia, multiple myeloma), myeloproliferative disease, myelodysplastic syndrome -cytosis (Agranulocytosis, Leukocytosis, Lymphocytosis, Monocytosis) • -penia (Lymphopenia, Neutropenia) |
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RBCs/anemia/ hemoglobinopathy | nutritional anemia: Iron deficiency anemia, Plummer-Vinson syndrome, Megaloblastic anemia (Pernicious anemia) hereditary hemolytic anemia: G6PD Deficiency, Thalassemia, Sickle-cell disease/trait, Hereditary spherocytosis, Hereditary elliptocytosis, Hereditary stomatocytosis
acquired hemolytic anemia: Autoimmune (Warm), HUS, MAHA, PNH, PCH
aplastic anemia: Acquired PRCA, Diamond-Blackfan anemia, Fanconi anemia • Sideroblastic anemia • Hemochromatosis |
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Coagulation/platelets | coagulopathy: DIC • Hemophilia (A/VII, B/IX, C/XI, XIII) • Von Willebrand disease
Purpura: Henoch-Schönlein, ITP (Evans syndrome), TTP
primary hypercoagulable state: Protein C deficiency -
Protein S deficiency - Antithrombin III deficiency - Antiphospholipid syndrome - Factor V Leiden
other hemorrhagic conditions: Bernard-Soulier syndrome - Glanzmann's thrombasthenia - Grey platelet syndrome |
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Histiocytosis | WHO-I Langerhans cell histiocytosis - non-Langerhans-cell histiocytosis/WHO-II (Juvenile xanthogranuloma, Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis) - malignant histiocytic disorders/WHO-III (Acute monocytic leukemia, Malignant histiocytosis, Erdheim-Chester disease) |
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Other | Asplenia/hyposplenism - Methemoglobinemia |
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