Proopiomelanocortin (adrenocorticotropin/ beta-lipotropin/ alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone/ beta-melanocyte stimulating hormone/ beta-endorphin)
|
Identifiers
|
Symbol(s)
| POMC; LPH; MSH; ACTH; CLIP; NPP; POC
|
External IDs
| OMIM: 176830 MGI: 97742 Homologene: 723
|
Gene Ontology
|
Molecular Function:
| • hormone activity
|
Cellular Component:
| • extracellular region • soluble fraction
|
Biological Process:
| • generation of precursor metabolites and energy • signal transduction • neuropeptide signaling pathway • cell-cell signaling • blood pressure regulation
|
|
RNA expression pattern
|
More reference expression data
|
Orthologs
|
| Human
| Mouse
|
Entrez
| 5443
| 18976
|
Ensembl
| ENSG00000115138
| ENSMUSG00000020660
|
Uniprot
| P01189
| P01193
|
Refseq
| NM_000939 (mRNA) NP_000930 (protein)
| NM_008895 (mRNA) NP_032921 (protein)
|
Location
| Chr 2: 25.24 - 25.25 Mb
| Chr 12: 3.95 - 3.96 Mb
|
Pubmed search
| [1]
| [2]
|
Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) is a precursor polypeptide with 241 amino acid residues.
This gene encodes a polypeptide hormone precursor that undergoes extensive, tissue-specific, post-translational processing via cleavage by subtilisin-like enzymes known as prohormone convertases. There are eight potential cleavage sites within the polypeptide precursor and, depending on tissue type and the available convertases, processing may yield as many as ten biologically active peptides involved in diverse cellular functions. The encoded protein is synthesized mainly in corticotroph cells of the anterior pituitary where four cleavage sites are used; adrenocorticotrophin, essential for normal steroidogenesis and the maintenance of normal adrenal weight, and lipotropin beta are the major end products. In other tissues, including the hypothalamus, placenta, and epithelium, all cleavage sites may be used, giving rise to peptides with roles in pain and energy homeostasis, melanocyte stimulation, and immune modulation. These include several distinct melanotropins, lipotropins, and endorphins that are contained within the adrenocorticotrophin and beta-lipotropin peptides. Mutations in this gene have been associated with early onset obesity, adrenal insufficiency, and red hair pigmentation. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding the same protein have been described.[1]
Additional recommended knowledge
Production
It is synthesised by
Derivatives
The large molecule of POMC is the source of several important
biologically active substances. POMC can be cleaved enzymatically into the following peptides:
- adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and β-LPH in the anterior pituitary gland
- CLIP, γ-LPH, α-MSH and β-endorphin in the intermediate lobe
Although the N-terminal 5 amino acids of beta-endorphin are identical to the sequence of Met-enkephalin, it is not generally thought that beta-endorphin is converted into Met-enkephalin. Instead, Met-enkephalin is produced from its own precursor, proenkephalin.
The production of beta-MSH occurs in humans but not in mice or rats due to the absence of the enzymatic processing site in the rodent POMC.
Functions
Each of these peptides is packaged in large dense-core vesicles that are released from the cells by exocytosis in response to appropriate stimulation.
- α-MSH produced by neurons in the arcuate nucleus has important roles in the regulation of appetite and sexual behavior, while α-MSH secreted from the intermediate lobe of the pituitary regulates the production of melanin.
- ACTH is a peptide hormone that regulates the secretion of glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex.
- β-endorphin and met-enkephalin are endogenous opioid peptides with widespread actions in the brain.
See also
References
- ^ Entrez Gene: POMC proopiomelanocortin (adrenocorticotropin/ beta-lipotropin/ alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone/ beta-melanocyte stimulating hormone/ beta-endorphin).
Further reading
- Bhardwaj RS, Luger TA (1995). "Proopiomelanocortin production by epidermal cells: evidence for an immune neuroendocrine network in the epidermis.". Arch. Dermatol. Res. 287 (1): 85-90. PMID 7726641.
- Raffin-Sanson ML, de Keyzer Y, Bertagna X (2003). "Proopiomelanocortin, a polypeptide precursor with multiple functions: from physiology to pathological conditions.". Eur. J. Endocrinol. 149 (2): 79-90. PMID 12887283.
- Dores RM, Lecaude S (2005). "Trends in the evolution of the proopiomelanocortin gene.". Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 142 (1-2): 81-93. doi:10.1016/j.ygcen.2005.02.003. PMID 15862552.
- König S, Luger TA, Scholzen TE (2006). "Monitoring neuropeptide-specific proteases: processing of the proopiomelanocortin peptides adrenocorticotropin and alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone in the skin.". Exp. Dermatol. 15 (10): 751-61. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0625.2006.00472.x. PMID 16984256.
- Farooqi S, O'Rahilly S (2007). "Genetics of obesity in humans.". Endocr. Rev. 27 (7): 710-18. doi:10.1210/er.2006-0040. PMID 17122358.
Endocrine system: hormones/endocrine glands (Peptide hormones, Steroid hormones) |
---|
Hypothalamic-pituitary | Hypothalamus: TRH, CRH , GnRH, GHRH, somatostatin, dopamine - Posterior pituitary: vasopressin, oxytocin - Anterior pituitary: α (FSH, LH, TSH), GH, prolactin, POMC (ACTH, MSH, endorphins, lipotropin) |
---|
Adrenal axis | Adrenal medulla: epinephrine, norepinephrine - Adrenal cortex: aldosterone, cortisol, DHEA |
---|
Thyroid axis | Thyroid: thyroid hormone (T3 and T4) - calcitonin - Parathyroid: PTH |
---|
Gonadal axis | Testis: testosterone, AMH, inhibin - Ovary: estradiol, progesterone, inhibin/activin, relaxin (pregnancy) |
---|
Other end. glands | Pancreas: glucagon, insulin, somatostatin - Pineal gland: melatonin |
---|
Non-end. glands | Placenta: hCG, HPL, estrogen, progesterone - Kidney: renin, EPO, calcitriol, prostaglandin - Heart atrium: ANP - Stomach: gastrin, ghrelin - Duodenum: CCK, GIP, secretin, motilin, VIP - Ileum: enteroglucagon - Adipose tissue: leptin, adiponectin, resistin - Thymus: Thymosin - Thymopoietin - Skeleton: Osteocalcin - Liver/other: Insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1, IGF-2) |
---|
Target-derived | NGF, BDNF, NT-3 |
---|
|