Perceptual noise exclusion hypothesis

The concept of a perceptual noise exclusion deficit is an emerging hypothesis as to the origins and nature of dyslexia. It is supported by research showing that dyslexic adults and children experience difficulty in targeting visual information in the presence of visual perceptual distractions, but subjects do not show the same impairment when the distracting factors are removed in an experimental setting.^[1] Thus, dyslexic symptoms appear to arise because of an impaired ability to filter out environmental distractions, and to categorize information so as to distinguish the important sensory data from the irrelevant.

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These research findings appear to undermine or weaken research that associates specific sensory deficits with dyslexia, such as studies showing that dyslexics have difficulty processing rapidly occurring sounds of speech or visual patterns. The new research shows that differences in processing ability between dyslexic and non-dyslexic subjects for visual data occurs only in when there are environmental distractions. When the visual distractions were removed, the dyslexic subjects showed no sign of impairment. Further, exposure to external visual noise produced the same level of impairment in dyslexic subjects regardless of the speed of the task being tested.

The researchers have also found that dyslexic children and adults have difficulty forming perceptual categories, such as those involved in distinguishing printed letters and speech sounds, or in deducing rules for sorting of geometrical shapes.^[2] This difficulty appears to be closely related to the difficulty with filtering ambient data and focusing on relevant factors while disregarding irrelevant distractors. External noise interferes with the ability of dyslexic subjects to recognize patterns; the lack of a pattern-based template for interpretation of sensory information in turn may make it difficult to judge the relative importance and relevancy of details as they are perceived.

This hypothesis is supported by a study showing dyslexic subjects were less responsive to cueing in a visual discrimination task, indicating that the dyslexics had greater difficulty than controls with prioritizing certain visual information based on previous exposure. The researchers also found that performance on the cuing task was a more accurate means of discerning dyslexic from normal readers surpasses than a range of other psychophysical tasks typically used in dyslexia research.^[3]

References

1. ^ Sperling, Anne J.; Zhong-Lin Lu, Franklin R. Manis, Mark S. Seidenberg (2006). "Motion-Perception Deficits and Reading Impairment: It's the Noise, Not the Motion". Psychological Science 17 (12): 1047-1053. Association for Psychological Science.
2. ^ Sperling, Anne J.; Zhong-Lin Lu, Franklin R. Manis, Mark S. Seidenberg (July 2005). "Deficits in perceptual noise exclusion in developmental dyslexia". Nature Neuroscience 8 (7): 862.
3. ^ Roach, Neil W.; John H. Hogben (March 2007). "Impaired filtering of behaviourally irrelevant visual information in dyslexia.". Brain 130 (3): 771-85. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/brain/awl353. Retrieved on May 29, 2007.

Press Releases / Abstracts

• "New dyslexia theory blames 'noise'", Poor filtering of unwanted data may be the root cause of common disorder, EurekaAlert!, 13-Dec-2006. Retrieved on 2007.01.05. 

• "Dyslexia redefined", Researchers open a new direction for research and treatment, EurekaAlert!, 3-Jun-2005. Retrieved on 2007.01.05. 

• "Study spells out new evidence for roots of dyslexia", EurekaAlert!, 29-May-2005. Retrieved on 2007.01.05.