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Organogenesis



In animal development, organogenesis is the process by which the ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm develop into the internal organs of the organism. Internal organs initiate development in humans within the 3rd to 8th weeks in utero.The germ layers in organogenesis differ by three processes: folds, splits, and condensation. Developing early during this stage in chordate animals are the neural tube and notochord. Vertebrate animals all differentiate from the gastrula the same way. Vertebrates develop a neural crest that differentiates into many structures, including some bones, muscles, and components of the peripheral nervous system. The coelom of the body forms from a split of the mesoderm along the somite axis.

Contents

Production

 

 

The proceeding graph represents the products produced by the three germ layers.

Germ Layer Category Product
Endoderm General[1] Gastrointestinal tract
Endodern General Respiratory tract
Endoderm General Endocrine glands and organs (liver and pancreas)
Mesoderm General Bones
Mesoderm General Most of the Circulatory system
Mesoderm General Connective tissues of the gut and integuments
Mesoderm General Excretory Tract
Mesoderm General Mesenchyme
Mesoderm General Mesothelium
Mesoderm General Muscles
Mesoderm General Peritoneum
Mesoderm General Reproductive System
Mesoderm General Urinary System
Mesoderm Vertebrate[2] Chordamesoderm
Mesoderm Vertebrate Paraxial mesoderm
Mesoderm Vertebrate Intermediate mesoderm
Mesoderm Vertebrate Lateral plate mesoderm
Ectoderm General Nervous system
Ectoderm General Outer part of integument
Ectoderm Vertebrate Skin (along with glands, hair, nails)
Ectoderm Vertebrate Epithelium of the mouth and nasal cavity
Ectoderm Vertebrate Lens and cornea of the eye
Ectoderm Vertebrate Melanocytes
Ectoderm Vertebrate Peripheral nervous system
Ectoderm Vertebrate Facial cartilage
Ectoderm Vertebrate Dentin (in teeth)
Ectoderm Vertebrate Brain (rhombencephalon, mesencephalon and prosencephalon)
Ectoderm Vertebrate Spinal cord and motor neurons
Ectoderm Vertebrate Retina
Ectoderm Vertebrate Posterior pituitary

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The General category denotes that all or most of the animals containing this layer produce the adjacent product.
  2. ^ The Vertebrate category denotes that all or most of the vertebrates containing this layer produce the adjacent product.

References

  • Evers, Christine A., Lisa Starr. Biology:Concepts and Applications. 6th ed. United States:Thomson, 2006. ISBN 0-534-46224-3.
v • d • e
Developmental biology > Human embryogenesis (development of embryo) and development of fetus (some dates are approximate - see Carnegie stages and a timeline)
Week 1Fertilization - Egg activation - Zygote - Cleavage - Morula - Blastula (Blastomere) - Blastocyst - Inner cell mass
Week 2Bilaminar disc (Hypoblast, Epiblast)
Week 3 (Trilaminar embryo,
germ layers)		Archenteron/Primitive streak (Primitive pit, Primitive knot/Blastopore, Primitive groove) - Gastrula/Gastrulation - Regional specification

Ectoderm: Surface ectoderm - Neuroectoderm - Somatopleure - Neurulation - Neural crest

Endoderm: Splanchnopleure

Mesoderm: Chorda- - Paraxial (Somite/Somitomere/Sclerotome/Myotome/Dermatome) - Intermediate - Lateral plate (Intraembryonic coelom, Splanchnopleure/Somatopleure)
Extraembryonic/uterusTrophoblast (Cytotrophoblast, Syncytiotrophoblast)

Blastocoele - Yolk sack/exocoelomic cavity - Heuser's membrane - Extraembryonic coelom - Vitelline duct

Umbilical cord (Umbilical artery, Umbilical vein, Wharton's jelly) - Allantois

Placenta - Decidua (Decidual cells) - Chorionic villi/Intervillous space - Gestational sac (Amnion/Amniotic sac/Amniotic cavity, Chorion)
HistogenesisProgrammed cell death - Stem cells - Germ line development
OrganogenesisLimb development: Limb bud - Apical ectodermal ridge/AER - Eye development - Cutaneous structure development - Heart development - Development of the urinary and reproductive organs
v • d • e
Germ layers
Germ LayersEctoderm • Endoderm • Mesoderm
ProductionHistogenesis • Organogenesis
 
This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Organogenesis". A list of authors is available in Wikipedia.
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