The following list includes the Nobel Laureate in Physiology or Medicine since its inception in 1901.[1]
| Year
| Name
| Nationality
| Citation
|
| 1901
| Emil Adolf von Behring
| Germany
| "for his work on serum therapy, especially its application against diphtheria, by which he has opened a new road in the domain of medical science and thereby placed in the hands of the physician a victorious weapon against illness and deaths"[2]
|
| 1902
| Ronald Ross
| United Kingdom
| "for his work on malaria, by which he has shown how it enters the organism and thereby has laid the foundation for successful research on this disease and methods of combating it"[3]
|
| 1903
| Niels Ryberg Finsen
| Denmark
| "in recognition of his contribution to the treatment of diseases, especially lupus vulgaris, with concentrated light radiation, whereby he has opened a new avenue for medical science"[4]
|
| 1904
| Ivan Petrovich Pavlov
| Russia
| "in recognition of his work on the physiology of digestion, through which knowledge on vital aspects of the subject has been transformed and enlarged"[5]
|
| 1905
| Robert Koch
| Germany
| "for his investigations and discoveries in relation to tuberculosis"[6]
|
| 1906
| Camillo Golgi
Santiago Ramón y Cajal
| Italy
Spain
| "in recognition of their work on the structure of the nervous system"[7]
|
| 1907
| Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran
| France
| "in recognition of his work on the role played by protozoa in causing diseases"[8]
|
| 1908
| Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov
Paul Ehrlich
| Russia
Germany
| "in recognition of their work on immunity"[9]
|
| 1909
| Emil Theodor Kocher
| Switzerland
| "for his work on the physiology, pathology and surgery of the thyroid gland"[10]
|
| 1910
| Albrecht Kossel
| Germany
| "in recognition of the contributions to our knowledge of cell chemistry made through his work on proteins, including the nucleic substances"[11]
|
| 1911
| Allvar Gullstrand
| Sweden
| "for his work on the dioptrics of the eye"[12]
|
| 1912
| Alexis Carrel
| France
| "in recognition of his work on vascular suture and the transplantation of blood vessels and organs"[13]
|
| 1913
| Charles Robert Richet
| France
| "in recognition of his work on anaphylaxis"[14]
|
| 1914
| Robert Bárány
| Austria
| "for his work on the physiology and pathology of the vestibular apparatus"[15]
|
| 1915
| [No award]
|
|
| 1916
| [No award]
|
|
| 1917
| [No award]
|
|
| 1918
| [No award]
|
|
| 1919
| Jules Bordet
| Belgium
| "for his discoveries relating to immunity"[16]
|
| 1920
| Schack August Steenberg Krogh
| Denmark
| "for his discovery of the capillary motor regulating mechanism" (for showing that the gas exchange in the lungs is ordinary diffusion)[17]
|
| 1921
| [No award]
|
|
| 1922
| Archibald Vivian Hill
| United Kingdom
| "for his discovery relating to the production of heat in the muscle"[18]
|
| Otto Fritz Meyerhof
| Germany
| "for his discovery of the fixed relationship between the consumption of oxygen and the metabolism of lactic acid in the muscle"[18]
|
| 1923
| Frederick Grant Banting
John James Richard Macleod
| Canada
United Kingdom
| "for the discovery of insulin"[19]
|
| 1924
| Willem Einthoven
| Netherlands
| "for the discovery of the mechanism of the electrocardiogram"[20]
|
| 1925
| [No award]
|
|
| 1926
| Johannes Andreas Grib Fibiger
| Denmark
| "for his discovery of the Spiroptera carcinoma"[21]
|
| 1927
| Julius Wagner-Jauregg
| Austria
| "for his discovery of the therapeutic value of malaria inoculation in the treatment of dementia paralytica"[22]
|
| 1928
| Charles Jules Henri Nicolle
| France
| "for his work on typhus"[23]
|
| 1929
| Christiaan Eijkman
| Netherlands
| "for his discovery of the antineuritic vitamin"[24]
|
| Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins
| United Kingdom
| "for his discovery of the growth-stimulating vitamins"[24]
|
| 1930
| Karl Landsteiner
| Austria
| "for his discovery of human blood groups"[25]
|
| 1931
| Otto Heinrich Warburg
| Germany
| "for his discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme"[26]
|
| 1932
| Sir Charles Scott Sherrington
Edgar Douglas Adrian
| United Kingdom
United Kingdom
| "for their discoveries regarding the functions of neurons"[27]
|
| 1933
| Thomas Hunt Morgan
| United States
| "for his discoveries concerning the role played by the chromosome in heredity"[28]
|
| 1934
| George Hoyt Whipple
George Richards Minot
William Parry Murphy
| United States
United States
United States
| "for their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anaemia"[29]
|
| 1935
| Hans Spemann
| Germany
| "for his discovery of the organizer effect in embryonic development"[30]
|
| 1936
| Sir Henry Hallett Dale
Otto Loewi
| United Kingdom;
Germany 1903: Austria 1946: United States
| "for their discoveries relating to chemical transmission of nerve impulses"[31]
|
| 1937
| Albert Szent-Györgyi von Nagyrapolt
| Hungary
| "for his discoveries in connection with the biological combustion processes, with special reference to vitamin C and the catalysis of fumaric acid"[32]
|
| 1938
| Corneille Jean François Heymans
| Belgium
| "for the discovery of the role played by the sinus and aortic mechanisms in the regulation of respiration"[33]
|
| 1939
| Gerhard Domagk
| Germany
| "for the discovery of the antibacterial effects of prontosil"[34]
|
| 1940
| [No award]
|
|
| 1941
| [No award]
|
|
| 1942
| [No award]
|
|
| 1943
| Carl Peter Henrik Dam
| Denmark
| "for his discovery of vitamin K"[35]
|
| Edward Adelbert Doisy
| United States
| "for his discovery of the chemical nature of vitamin K"[35]
|
| 1944
| Joseph Erlanger
Herbert Spencer Gasser
| United States
United States
| "for their discoveries relating to the highly differentiated functions of single nerve fibres"[36]
|
| 1945
| Sir Alexander Fleming
Ernst Boris Chain
Sir Howard Walter Florey
| United Kingdom;
Germany United Kingdom;
Australia United Kingdom
| "for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases"[37]
|
| 1946
| Hermann Joseph Muller
| United States
| "for the discovery of the production of mutations by means of X-ray irradiation"[38]
|
| 1947
| Carl Ferdinand Cori
Gerty Theresa Cori, née Radnitz
| Czechoslovakia United States;
Czechoslovakia United States
| "for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen"[39]
|
| Bernardo Alberto Houssay
| Argentina
| "for his discovery of the part played by the hormone of the anterior pituitary lobe in the metabolism of sugar"[39]
|
| 1948
| Paul Hermann Müller
| Switzerland
| "for his discovery of the high efficiency of DDT as a contact poison against several arthropods"[40]
|
| 1949
| Walter Rudolf Hess
| Switzerland
| "for his discovery of the functional organization of the interbrain as a coordinator of the activities of the internal organs"[41]
|
| Antonio Caetano De Abreu Freire Egas Moniz
| Portugal
| "for his discovery of the therapeutic value of leucotomy in certain psychoses"[41]
|
| 1950
| Edward Calvin Kendall
Tadeusz Reichstein
Philip Showalter Hench
| United States;
Poland Switzerland;
United States
| "for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects"[42]
|
| 1951
| Max Theiler
| South Africa Switzerland
| "for his discoveries concerning yellow fever and how to combat it"[43]
|
| 1952
| Selman Abraham Waksman
| Russia, 1916: United States
| "for his discovery of streptomycin, the first antibiotic effective against tuberculosis"[44]
|
| 1953
| Hans Adolf Krebs
| West Germany United Kingdom
| "for his discovery of the citric acid cycle"[45]
|
| Fritz Albert Lipmann
| West Germany United States
| "for his discovery of co-enzyme A and its importance for intermediary metabolism"[45]
|
| 1954
| John Franklin Enders
Thomas Huckle Weller
Frederick Chapman Robbins
| United States
United States
United States
| "for their discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of tissue"[46]
|
| 1955
| Axel Hugo Theodor Theorell
| Sweden
| "for his discoveries concerning the nature and mode of action of oxidation enzymes"[47]
|
| 1956
| André Frédéric Cournand
Werner Forssmann
Dickinson W. Richards
| France, 1941: United States;
West Germany
United States
| "for their discoveries concerning heart catheterization and pathological changes in the circulatory system"[48]
|
| 1957
| Daniel Bovet
| Switzerland Italy
| "for his discoveries relating to synthetic compounds that inhibit the action of certain body substances, and especially their action on the vascular system and the skeletal muscles"[49]
|
| 1958
| George Wells Beadle
Edward Lawrie Tatum
| United States
United States
| "for their discovery that genes act by regulating definite chemical events"[50]
|
| Joshua Lederberg
| United States
| "for his discoveries concerning genetic recombination and the organization of the genetic material of bacteria"[50]
|
| 1959
| Severo Ochoa
Arthur Kornberg
| Spain United States;
United States
| "for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid"[51]
|
| 1960
| Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet
Peter Brian Medawar
| Australia United Kingdom;
Brazil United Kingdom
| "for discovery of acquired immunological tolerance"[52]
|
| 1961
| Georg von Békésy
| Hungary
| "for his discoveries of the physical mechanism of stimulation within the cochlea"[53]
|
| 1962
| Francis Harry Compton Crick
James Dewey Watson
Maurice Hugh Frederick Wilkins
| United Kingdom;
United States;
New Zealand United Kingdom
| "for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material"[54]
|
| 1963
| Sir John Carew Eccles
Alan Lloyd Hodgkin
Andrew Fielding Huxley
| Australia
United Kingdom
United Kingdom
| "for their discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell membrane"[55]
|
| 1964
| Konrad Bloch
Feodor Lynen
| West Germany United States;
West Germany
| "for their discoveries concerning the mechanism and regulation of the cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism"[56]
|
| 1965
| François Jacob
André Lwoff
Jacques Monod
| France
France
France
| "for their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis"[57]
|
| 1966
| Peyton Rous
| United States
| "for his discovery of tumour-inducing viruses"[58]
|
| Charles B. Huggins
| Canada United States
| "for his discoveries concerning hormonal treatment of prostatic cancer"[58]
|
| 1967
| Ragnar Granit
Haldan Keffer Hartline
George Wald
| Finland 1940: Sweden;
United States
United States
| "for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye"[59]
|
| 1968
| Robert W. Holley
Har Gobind Khorana
Marshall W. Nirenberg
| United States;
India 1966: United States;
United States
| "for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis"[60]
|
| 1969
| Max Delbrück
Alfred Hershey
Salvador E. Luria
| West Germany United States;
United States;
Italy
| "for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses"[61]
|
| 1970
| Sir Bernard Katz
Ulf von Euler
Julius Axelrod
| West Germany 1941: United Kingdom;
Sweden
United States
| "for their discoveries concerning the humoral transmittors in the nerve terminals and the mechanism for their storage, release and inactivation"[62]
|
| 1971
| Earl W. Sutherland, Jr.
| United States
| "for his discoveries concerning the mechanisms of the action of hormones"[63]
|
| 1972
| Gerald M. Edelman
Rodney R. Porter
| United States
United Kingdom
| "for their discoveries concerning the chemical structure of antibodies"[64]
|
| 1973
| Karl von Frisch
Konrad Lorenz
Nikolaas Tinbergen
| Austria
Austria
Netherlands
| "for their discoveries concerning organization and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns"[65]
|
| 1974
| Albert Claude
Christian de Duve
George E. Palade
| Belgium;
Belgium;
Romania 1952: United States
| "for their discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell"[66]
|
| 1975
| David Baltimore
Renato Dulbecco
Howard Martin Temin
| United States;
Italy United States;
United States
| "for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell"[67]
|
| 1976
| Baruch S. Blumberg
D. Carleton Gajdusek
| United States
United States
| "for their discoveries concerning new mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious diseases"[68]
|
| 1977
| Roger Guillemin
Andrew Viktor Schally
| France 1965: United States;
United States
| "for their discoveries concerning the peptide hormone production of the brain"[69]
|
| Rosalyn Yalow
| United States
| "for the development of radioimmunoassays of peptide hormones"[69]
|
| 1978
| Werner Arber
Daniel Nathans
Hamilton O. Smith
| Switzerland
United States
United States
| "for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics"[70]
|
| 1979
| Allan M. Cormack
Godfrey N. Hounsfield
| South Africa 1966: United States;
United Kingdom
| "for the development of computer assisted tomography"[71]
|
| 1980
| Baruj Benacerraf
Jean Dausset
George D. Snell
| Venezuela 1943: United States;
France;
United States
| "for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions"[72]
|
| 1981
| Roger W. Sperry
| United States
| "for his discoveries concerning the functional specialization of the cerebral hemispheres"[73]
|
David H. Hubel
Torsten N. Wiesel
| United States
Sweden
| "for their discoveries concerning information processing in the visual system"[73]
|
| 1982
| Sune Bergström
Bengt I. Samuelsson
John R. Vane
| Sweden
Sweden
United Kingdom
| "for their discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active substances"[74]
|
| 1983
| Barbara McClintock
| United States
| "for her discovery of mobile genetic elements"[75]
|
| 1984
| Niels K. Jerne
Georges J.F. Köhler
César Milstein
| Denmark;
West Germany;
Argentina United Kingdom
| "for theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies"[76]
|
| 1985
| Michael S. Brown
Joseph L. Goldstein
| United States
United States
| "for their discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterol metabolism"[77]
|
| 1986
| Stanley Cohen
Rita Levi-Montalcini
| United States;
Italy United States
| "for their discoveries of growth factors"[78]
|
| 1987
| Susumu Tonegawa
| Japan
| "for his discovery of the genetic principle for generation of antibody diversity"[79]
|
| 1988
| Sir James W. Black
Gertrude B. Elion
George H. Hitchings
| United Kingdom
United States
United States
| "for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment"[80]
|
| 1989
| J. Michael Bishop
Harold E. Varmus
| United States
United States
| "for their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes"[81]
|
| 1990
| Joseph E. Murray
E. Donnall Thomas
| United States
United States
| "for their discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of human disease"[82]
|
| 1991
| Erwin Neher
Bert Sakmann
| Germany
Germany
| "for their discoveries concerning the function of single ion channels in cells"[83]
|
| 1992
| Edmond H. Fischer
Edwin G. Krebs
| Switzerland United States;
United States
| "for their discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism"[84]
|
| 1993
| Richard J. Roberts
Phillip A. Sharp
| United Kingdom
United States
| "for their discoveries of split genes"[85]
|
| 1994
| Alfred G. Gilman
Martin Rodbell
| United States
United States
| "for their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells"[86]
|
| 1995
| Edward B. Lewis
Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard
Eric F. Wieschaus
| United States
Germany
United States
| "for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development"[87]
|
| 1996
| Peter C. Doherty
Rolf M. Zinkernagel
| Australia
Switzerland
| "for their discoveries concerning the specificity of the cell mediated immune defence"[88]
|
| 1997
| Stanley B. Prusiner
| United States
| "for his discovery of Prions - a new biological principle of infection"[89]
|
| 1998
| Robert F. Furchgott
Louis J. Ignarro
Ferid Murad
| United States
United States
United States
| "for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system"[90]
|
| 1999
| Günter Blobel
| Germany 1987: United States
| "for the discovery that proteins have intrinsic signals that govern their transport and localization in the cell"[91]
|
| 2000
| Arvid Carlsson
Paul Greengard
Eric R. Kandel
| Sweden
United States
United States
| "for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system"[92]
|
| 2001
| Leland H. Hartwell
R. Timothy (Tim) Hunt
Sir Paul M. Nurse
| United States
United Kingdom
United Kingdom
| "for their discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle"[93]
|
| 2002
| Sydney Brenner
H. Robert Horvitz
John E. Sulston
| South Africa United Kingdom 2003: Singapore[94] (honorary);
United States;
United Kingdom
| "for their discoveries concerning 'genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death'"[95]
|
| 2003
| Paul Lauterbur
Sir Peter Mansfield
| United States
United Kingdom
| "for their discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging"[96]
|
| 2004
| Richard Axel
Linda B. Buck
| United States
United States
| "for their discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system"[97]
|
| 2005
| Barry J. Marshall
J. Robin Warren
| Australia
Australia
| "for their discovery of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease"[98]
|
| 2006
| Andrew Z. Fire
Craig C. Mello
| United States
United States
| "for their discovery of RNA interference - gene silencing by double-stranded RNA"[99]
|
| 2007
| Mario Capecchi
Sir Martin Evans
Oliver Smithies
| Italy United States;
United Kingdom;
United Kingdom United States
| "for their discoveries for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells."[100]
|
