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Neuroregeneration
Additional recommended knowledge
Neuroregeneration in the Peripheral Nervous SystemNeuroregeneration in the PNS occurs to a significant degree.1 In the PNS, the myelin sheath surrounding axons is maintained and generated by Schwann cells. Neuroregeneration in the Central Nervous SystemThe ability of the CNS to generate new neurons or to repair axons following trauma is very limited, especially when compared to the abilities of the PNS1 . The environment within the CNS, especially following trauma, counteracts the repair of myelin and neurons. As growth factors are not expressed or re-expressed, glial scars rapidly form, and the glia and myelin actually produce factors that inhibit remyelination and axon repair.1,2,3,4 Neuroregeneration in DiseaseNeurodegeneration is a symptom of Multiple Sclerosis, and following episodes of autoimmune attack on the nervous system, it is possible to have neuroregeneration occurring, which may result in repairing the damage dealt during the episode.
Neuroregenerative TherapiesA direction of research is towards the use of drugs that target remyelinating inhibitor proteins, or other inhibitors or neuroregeneration 3. Possible strategies include vaccination against these proteins (active immunisation), or treatment with previously created antibodies (passive immunisation). These strategies appear promising on animal models with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a model of MS.3
Proteins of Oligodendritic or Glial Debris Origin Responsible for Neuroregeneration
Proteins of Astrocytic Origin Responsible for Neuroregeneration
RhoA PathwayMolecules act on various receptors, such as NgR1, LINGO1, p75, TROY and other unknown receptors (eg. by CSPGs), which stimulates RhoA. RhoA activates ROCK (RhoA kinase) which stimulates LIM kinase, which then stimulates Cofilin, which effectively re-organises the Actin cytoskeleton of the cell1. In the case of neurons, activation of this pathway results in growth cone collapse,1,3 therefore inhibits the growth and repair of neural pathways and axons. Inhibition of this pathway by its various components usually results in some level of improved remyelination.1,2,3,4
References
Additional readingMONNIER, P.P., SIERRA, A., SCHWAB, J.M., HENKE-FAHLE, S., MUELLER, B.K. (2003). The Rho/ROCK pathway mediates neurite growth-inhibitory activity associated with the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans of the CNS glial scar. Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, 22, 319-330 NISHIO, Y., KODA, M., KITAJO, K., SETO, M., HATA, K., TANIGUCHI, J., MORIYA, H., FUJITANI, M., KUBO, T., a, YAMASHITA, T. (2006). Delayed treatment with Rho-kinase inhibitor does not enhance axonal regeneration or functional recovery after spinal cord injury in rats. Experimental Neurology, 200, 392-397. DERGHAM, P., ELLEZAM, B., ESSAGIAN, C., AVEDISSIAN, H., LUBELL, W.D., MCKERRACHER, L. (2002). Rho signaling pathway targeted to promote spinal cord repair. Journal of Neuroscience, 22, 2570-6577. WEIDER, N., NER, A., SALIMI, N., TUSZYNSKI, M.H. (2001). Spontaneous corticospinal axonal plasticity and functional recovery after adult central nervous system injury. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 98, 3513–3518 BASSO, M., FISHER, L.C., ANDERSON, A.J., JAKEMAN, L.B., MCTIGUE, D.M., and POPOVICH, P.G. (2006). Basso Mouse Scale for Locomotion Detects Differences in Recovery after Spinal Cord Injury in Five Common Mouse Strains. Journal of Neurotrauma, 23, 635-659. See also |
This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Neuroregeneration". A list of authors is available in Wikipedia. |