Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae

Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is a species of bacteria known to cause the disease Porcine Enzootic Pneumonia, a highly contagious and chronic disease affecting pigs (Whittlestone, 1979). As with other mollicutes, M. hyopneumoniae is small in size (400 - 1200nm), has a small genome (893 - 920 kilo-base pairs (kb)) and lacks a cell wall (Tajima et al, 1982). It is considered to be difficult to grow in laboratories due to its complex nutritional requirements.

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This bacterium is a concern in the livestock industry as it causes a significant reduction in the growing weight of pigs. Losses in the U.S.A. have been previously estimated at 200 million to 1 billion dollars per annum (Clark et al, 1991). Porcine enzootic pneumonia is spread worldwide and M. hyopneumoniae is present in almost every pig herd (Minion, 2002). Treatment of this disease is limited to antibiotics, which are currently ineffective as they do not completely remove the infection. Vaccines have been found to reduce the severity of the disease but do not prevent the disease from occurring in infected pigs (Haesebrouck, et al, 2004).

M. hyopneumoniae has been found to attach to the cilia of epithelial cells in the lungs of swine. They cause cilia to stop beating (ciliostasis), loss of cilia and eventually epithelial cell death; which is the source of the lesions found in pigs with porcine enzootic pneumonia. Sadly, the immune response caused by the presence of M. hyopneumoniae in pigs is slow and ineffective (Minion, 2002); it is also believed to cause much of the damage that is seen in pigs with the disease. This mycoplasma is not known to produce any specifically harmful toxin like many other disease-causing bacteria, but some mildly toxic by-products have been observed (Geary et al, 1985).

Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae has been a topic of interest in the scientific community due to the economic impact of porcine enzootic pneumonia. Three separate strains (232, J & 7448) of this mycoplasma have had their genomes sequenced, making it the most sequenced mycoplasma (Minion et al, 2004; Vasconcelos et al, 2005). Research has been mainly focused on identifying adhesins with a final goal of developing an effective vaccine that prevents M. hyopneumoniae from attaching to lung cilia.

References

• Clark, L. K., C. H. Armstrong, M. J. Freeman, A. B. Scheidt, L. Sands-Freeman, and K. Knox. 1991. Investigating the transmission of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in a swine herd with enzootic pneumonia. Veterinary Medicine 86:543-550.
• Geary, S. J., and E. M. Walczak. 1985. Isolation of a Cytopathic Factor from Mycoplasma-Hyopneumoniae. Infection and Immunity 48:576-578.
• Haesebrouck, F., F. Pasmans, K. Chiers, D. Maes, R. Ducatelle, and A. Decostere. 2004. Efficacy of vaccines against bacterial diseases in swine: what can we expect? Vet Microbiol 100:255-68.
• Maré, C. J. and W. P. Switzer 1965. Vet Med Small Anim Clin 60:841-846
• Minion, F. C. 2002. Molecular pathogenesis of mycoplasma animal respiratory pathogens. Frontiers in Bioscience 7:d1410-1422.
• Minion, F. C., E. J. Lefkowitz, M. L. Madsen, B. J. Cleary, S. M. Swartzell, and G. G. Mahairas. 2004. The genome sequence of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae strain 232, the agent of swine mycoplasmosis. J Bacteriol 186:7123-33.
• Tajima, M., and T. Yagihashi. 1982. Interaction of Mycoplasma-Hyopneumoniae with the Porcine Respiratory Epithelium as Observed by Electron-Microscopy. Infection and Immunity 37:1162-1169.
• Vasconcelos, A. T., H. B. Ferreira, C. V. Bizarro, S. L. Bonatto, M. O. Carvalho, P. M. Pinto, D. F. Almeida, L. G. Almeida, R. Almeida, L. Alves-Filho, E. N. Assuncao, V. A. Azevedo, M. R. Bogo, M. M. Brigido, M. Brocchi, H. A. Burity, A. A. Camargo, S. S. Camargo, M. S. Carepo, D. M. Carraro, J. C. de Mattos Cascardo, L. A. Castro, G. Cavalcanti, G. Chemale, R. G. Collevatti, C. W. Cunha, B. Dallagiovanna, B. P. Dambros, O. A. Dellagostin, C. Falcao, F. Fantinatti-Garboggini, M. S. Felipe, L. Fiorentin, G. R. Franco, N. S. Freitas, D. Frias, T. B. Grangeiro, E. C. Grisard, C. T. Guimaraes, M. Hungria, S. N. Jardim, M. A. Krieger, J. P. Laurino, L. F. Lima, M. I. Lopes, E. L. Loreto, H. M. Madeira, G. P. Manfio, A. Q. Maranhao, C. T. Martinkovics, S. R. Medeiros, M. A. Moreira, M. Neiva, C. E. Ramalho-Neto, M. F. Nicolas, S. C. Oliveira, R. F. Paixao, F. O. Pedrosa, S. D. Pena, M. Pereira, L. Pereira-Ferrari, I. Piffer, L. S. Pinto, D. P. Potrich, A. C. Salim, F. R. Santos, R. Schmitt, M. P. Schneider, A. Schrank, I. S. Schrank, A. F. Schuck, H. N. Seuanez, D. W. Silva, R. Silva, S. C. Silva, C. M. Soares, K. R. Souza, R. C. Souza, C. C. Staats, M. B. Steffens, S. M. Teixeira, T. P. Urmenyi, M. H. Vainstein, L. W. Zuccherato, A. J. Simpson, and A. Zaha. 2005. Swine and poultry pathogens: the complete genome sequences of two strains of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and a strain of Mycoplasma synoviae. J Bacteriol 187:5568-77.
• Whittlestone, P. 1979. Porcine Mycoplasmas, p. 133-166. In J. G. Tully and R. F. Whitcomb (ed.), The Mycoplasmas, vol. II. Academic Press, Inc., New York.