Louis Émile Javal

Louis Émile Javal (May 5, 1839 - January 20, 1907) was a French ophthalmologist who was born in Paris. Originally trained as a civil engineer, he switched to the medical profession, receiving his doctorate from the University of Paris in 1865. After graduation he travelled to Berlin and studied under Albrecht von Graefe (1828-1870). During the Franco-Prussian War he served as a medical officer. In 1878 he opened an ophthalmological laboratory at the Sorbonne and was its director until 1900.

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Javal is remembered for his studies of physiological optics and his work concerning a disorder known as strabismus. With his student Hjalmar August Schiøtz (1850-1927) he constructed an early keratometer, also known as the Javal Schiötz Ophthalmometer. This device is used to measure the curvature of the corneal surface of the eye, as well as to determine the extent and axis of astigmatism. Javal also made important contributions in regards to the study of eye tracking, and with his assistant Marius Hans Erik Tscherning (1854-1939), he performed studies of optics and astigmatism.

Javal's interest in strabismus was due to the disorder affecting his father and sister. Javal himself had heterochromia. At middle-age Javal developed glaucoma and by 1900 was totally blind. Today the Louis Emile Javal Silver Service Award is issued by the International Contact Lens Council of Ophthalmology.

Javal was the first to describe eye movements during reading in the late 19th century. He reported that eyes do not move continuously along a line of text, but make short rapid movements (saccades) intermingled with short stops (fixations). Javal's observations were characterised by a reliance on naked-eye observation of eye movement in the absence of technology.

Bibliography

• Du strabisme, dans ses applications à la théorie de la vision. Doctoral dissertation, Paris, 1868.
• Manuel du strabisme. Paris, 1896.
• Physiologie de la lecture et de l’écriture. Paris, 1905; Bibliography in Annales d’oculistique, Paris, 1907, 137: 187.
• Un opthalmomètre pratique. Annales d’oculistique, L. E. Javal, H. Schiötz: Paris, 1881, 86: 5-21.

References

• Who Named It? Louis Émile Javal