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Loop of Henle



Loop of Henle
Scheme of renal tubule and its vascular supply. (Loop of Henle visible center-left.)
Latin ansa nephroni
Gray's subject #253 1223
Precursor Metanephric blastema
MeSH loop+of+henle
Dorlands/Elsevier a_44/12138619

In the kidney, the loop of Henle is the portion of the nephron that leads from the proximal convoluted tubule to the distal convoluted tubule. The loop has a hairpin bend in the renal medulla. The main function of this structure is to reabsorb water and ions from the urine. To do this, it uses a countercurrent multiplier mechanism in the medulla. It is named after its discoverer, F. G. J. Henle.

Contents

Components

It can be divided into four parts:


descending limb of loop of Henle The descending limb has low permeability to ions and urea, while being highly permeable to water.
thin ascending limb of loop of Henle The thin ascending limb is not permeable to water, but it is permeable to ions.
medullary thick ascending limb of loop of Henle Sodium (Na+), potassium (K+) and chloride (Cl-) ions are reabsorbed from the urine by active transport. K+ is passively transported along its concentration gradient through a K+ channel in the basolateral aspect of the cells, back into the lumen of the ascending limb. This K+ "leak" generates a positive electrochemical potential difference in the lumen. The electrical gradient drives more reabsorption of Na+, as well as other cations such as magnesium (Mg2+) and importantly calcium (Ca2+).
cortical thick ascending limb The cortical thick ascending limb drains urine into the distal convoluted tubule.

Blood supply

The loop of Henle is supplied by blood in a series of straight capillaries descending from the cortical efferent arterioles. These capillaries (called the vasa recta; recta is from the Latin for "straight") also have a countercurrent exchange mechanism that prevents washout of solutes from the medulla, thereby maintaining the medullary concentration. As water is osmotically driven from the descending limb into the interstitium, it readily enters the vasa recta. The low bloodflow through the vasa recta allows time for osmotic equilibration, and can be altered by changing the resistance of the vessels' efferent arterioles.

Also, the vasa recta still has the large proteins and ions which were not filtered through the glomerulus, which provides an oncotic pressure for ions to enter the vasa recta from the interstitium.

Additional images

References

  • Douglas C. Eaton, John Pooler (2004). Vander's Renal Physiology, 6th edition, McGraw-Hill Medical. ISBN 0-07-135728-9. 
 
This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Loop_of_Henle". A list of authors is available in Wikipedia.
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