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Isoniazid


Isoniazid
Systematic (IUPAC) name
pyridine-4-carbohydrazide
Identifiers
CAS number	54-85-3
ATC code	J04AC01
PubChem	3767
DrugBank	APRD01055
Chemical data
Formula	C₆H₇N₃O
Mol. mass	137.139 g/mol
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability	?
Protein binding	Very low (0-10%)
Metabolism	liver; CYP450: 2C19, 3A4 inhibitor
Half life	0.5-1.6h (fast acetylators), 2-5h (slow acetylators)
Excretion	urine (primarily), feces
Therapeutic considerations
Pregnancy cat.	C
Legal status	prescription only (US)
Routes	oral, intramuscular, intravenous

Isoniazid is also called isonicotinyl hydrazine or INH. Isoniazid is a first-line antituberculous medication used in the prevention and treatment of tuberculosis. Isoniazid is never used on its own to treat active tuberculosis because resistance quickly develops.

Isoniazid is used in the treatment of mycobacterial infection. It was discovered in 1952 by Roche(trademarked as Rimifon®), when for the first time, a cure for tuberculosis was considered reasonable. It is available in tablet, syrup, and injectable forms (given intramuscularly or intravenously). Isoniazid is available world-wide, is inexpensive to produce and is generally well tolerated.

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1 Mechanism of action
2 Dosing
3 Side effects
4 Synonyms and abbreviations
5 Wikipedia links
6 References

Mechanism of action

Isoniazid is a prodrug and must be activated by bacterial catalase.^[1] It is activated by catalase-peroxidase enzyme katG to form isonicotinic acyl anion or radical. These forms will then react with a NADH radical or anion to form isonicotinic acyl-NADH complex. This complex will bind tightly to ketoenoylreductase known as InhA and prevents access of the natural enoyl-AcpM substrate. This mechanism inhibits the synthesis of mycolic acid in the mycobacterial cell wall.

Isoniazid reaches therapeutic concentrations in serum, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and within caseous granulomas. Isoniazid is metabolized in the liver via acetylation. There are two forms of the enzyme responsible for acetylation, so that some patients metabolize the drug quicker than others. Hence, the half-life is bimodal with peaks at 1 hour and 3 hours in the US population. The metabolites are excreted in the urine. Doses do not usually have to be adjusted in case of renal failure.

Isoniazid is bactericidal to rapidly-dividing mycobacteria, but is bacteriostatic if the mycobacterium is slow-growing.

Dosing

The standard dose of isoniazid is 3-5mg/kg/day (max 300mg daily). When prescribed intermittently (twice or thrice weekly) the dose is 15mg/kg (max 900mg daily). Patients with slow clearance of the drug (via acetylation as described above) may require reduced dosages to avoid toxicity.

Side effects

Adverse reactions include rash, abnormal liver function tests, hepatitis, sideroblastic anemia, peripheral neuropathy, mild central nervous system (CNS) effects, and drug interactions resulting in increased phenytoin (Dilantin) or disulfiram (Antabuse) levels.

Peripheral neuropathy and CNS effects are associated with the use of isoniazid and are due to pyridoxine (vitamin B6) depletion, but are uncommon at doses of 5 mg/kg. Persons with conditions in which neuropathy is common (e.g., diabetes, uremia, alcoholism, malnutrition, HIV-infection), as well as pregnant women and persons with a seizure disorder, may be given pyridoxine (vitamin B6) (10-50 mg/day) with isoniazid.

Hepatoxicity can be avoided with close clinical monitoring of the patient, specifically nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain and appetite.

Headache, poor concentration, poor memory and depression have all been associated with isoniazid use. The frequency of these side effects is not known, and the association with isoniazid is not well validated. The presence of these symptoms is not frequently disabling and is certainly not a reason to stop treatment with isoniazid; the patient should be strongly encouraged to continue treatment despite these symptoms. It must be explained to the patient that the harm done from not taking isoniazid far outweighs the problems arising from these symptoms.

INH therapy will decrease the efficacy of hormonal birth control when combined with Rifampin.

Synonyms and abbreviations

Isonicotinyl hydrazine
Isonicotinic acid hydrazide
INH
H (for "hydrazide", and also the WHO standard abbreviation)

Wikipedia links

References

^ Timmins GS, Deretic V (2006). "Mechanisms of action of isoniazid". Mol. Microbiol. 62 (5): 1220–7. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2006.05467.x. PMID 17074073.

Core Curriculum on Tuberculosis (2000) Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

See Chapter 6, Treatment of LTBI Regimens - Isoniazid
See Chapter 7 - Treatment of TB Disease Monitoring - Adverse Reactions to First-Line TB Drugs - Isoniazid
See Table 5 First-Line Anti-TB Medications

Isoniazid Overdose: Recognition and Management American Family Physician 1998 Feb 15

v • d • e Antimycobacterials (J04)
Tuberculosis/ tuberculosis treatment	Aminosalicylic acid (Calcium aminosalicylate, Sodium aminosalicylate) • Antibiotics (Amikacin, Capreomycin, Cycloserine, Kanamycin, Rifabutin, Rifampicin, Rifamycin, Rifapentin, Streptomycin) • hydrazides (Isoniazid) • thiocarbamides (Ethionamide, Protionamide, Tiocarlide) • Others (Ethambutol, Morinamide, Pyrazinamide, Terizidone)
Leprosy	Aldesulfone sodium • Clofazimine • Dapsone • Rifampicin

Categories: Antibiotics | Prodrugs | Tuberculosis

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Isoniazid". A list of authors is available in Wikipedia.