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Inclusion bodiesInclusion bodies are nuclear or cytoplasmic aggregates of stainable substances, usually proteins. They typically represent sites of viral multiplication in a bacterium or a eukaryotic cell and usually consist of viral capsid proteins. Additional recommended knowledge
CompositionProtein inclusion bodies are classically thought to contain misfolded protein. However, this has recently been contested, as green fluorescent protein will sometimes fluoresce in inclusion bodies, which indicates some semblance of the native structure and researchers have recovered folded protein from inclusion bodies .[1] [2] [3] Mechanism of formationWhen genes from one organism are expressed in another the resulting protein sometimes forms inclusion bodies. This is often true when large evolutionary distances are crossed: a cDNA isolated from Eukarya for example, and expressed as a recombinant gene in a prokaryote risks the formation of the inactive aggregates of protein known as inclusion bodies. While the cDNA may properly code for a translatable mRNA, the protein that results will emerge in a foreign microenvironment. This often has fatal effects, especially if the intent of cloning is to produce a biologically active protein. For example, eukaryotic systems for carbohydrate modification and membrane transport are not found in prokaryotes. The internal microenvironment of a prokaryotic cell (pH, osmolality) may differ from that of the original source of the gene. Mechanisms for folding a protein may also be absent, and hydrophobic residues that normally would remain buried may be exposed and available for interaction with similar exposed sites on other ectopic proteins. Processing systems for the cleavage and removal of internal peptides would also be absent in bacteria. The initial attempts to clone insulin in a bacterium suffered all of these deficits. In addition, the fine controls that may keep the concentration of a protein low will also be missing in a prokaryotic cell, and overexpression can result in filling a cell with ectopic protein that, even if it were properly folded, would precipitate by saturating its environment. Viral inclusion bodiesExamples of viral inclusion bodies include Negri bodies (which are inclusion bodies of Rabies virus in neurons) and Cowdry bodies (which are intranuclear inclusion bodies seen in Herpes Simplex Virus and Varicella-Zoster virus infection). Inclusion bodies in ErythrocytesNormally a red blood cell does not contain inclusions in the cytoplasm. However, it maybe seen because of certain hematologic disorders. There are three kinds of erythrocyte inclusions:
References
Categories: Biotechnology | Hematology | Virology |
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This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Inclusion_bodies". A list of authors is available in Wikipedia. |