In biochemistry, a hydrolase is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of a chemical bond. For example, an enzyme that catalyzed the following reaction is a hydrolase:
- A–B + H2O → A–OH + B–H
Additional recommended knowledge
Nomenclature
Systematic names of hydrolases are formed as "substrate hydrolase." However, common names are typically in the form "substratease." For example, a nuclease is a hydrolase that cleaves nucleic acids.
Classification
Hydrolases are classified as EC 3 in the EC number classification of enzymes. Hydrolases can be further classified into several subclasses, based upon the bonds they act upon:
References
- EC 3 Introduction from the Department of Chemistry at Queen Mary, University of London, only covers 3.1-3.4
- More detailed taxonomy
Hydrolase: esterases (EC 3.1) |
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3.1.1: Carboxylic ester hydrolases | Cholinesterase - Pectinesterase - 6-phosphogluconolactonase - PAF acetylhydrolase
Lipase (Gastric/Lingual, Pancreatic, Lysosomal, Hormone-sensitive, Endothelial, Hepatic, Lipoprotein, Monoacylglycerol, Diacylglycerol)
Phospholipase (A1, A2, B) |
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3.1.2: Thioesterase | Palmitoyl thioesterase - Ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L1 |
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3.1.3: Phosphatase | Alkaline phosphatase - Acid phosphatase (Prostatic)/Tartrate resistant acid phosphatase/Purple acid phosphatases - Nucleotidase - Glucose 6-phosphatase - Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase -
Calcineurin - Phosphoprotein phosphatase (PP2A) - OCRL - Pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase - Fructose 2,6-bisphosphatase - Protein tyrosine phosphatase - PTEN |
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3.1.4: Phosphodiesterase | Autotaxin - Phospholipase (C, D) - Sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase - PDE1 - PDE2 - PDE3 - PDE5 |
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3.1.6: Sulfatase | Arylsulfatase B - Steroid sulfatase - Galactosamine-6 sulfatase - Arylsulfatase A - Iduronate-2-sulfatase - N-acetylglucosamine-6-sulfatase |
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other | Nuclease |
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Ether bond hydrolases (EC 3.3) |
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Adenosylhomocysteinase - Epoxide hydrolase - Leukotriene A4 hydrolase |
Hydrolase: proteases (EC 3.4) |
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Exopeptidase 3.4.11-19 | Angiotensin-converting enzyme - Dipeptidase - Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 - DD-transpeptidase Metalloexopeptidases: Aminopeptidase (Alanine, Cystinyl, Leucyl, Glutamyl) - Carboxypeptidase (A, B, C, E, Glutamate II) |
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Endopeptidase 3.4.21-24 | Serine proteases - Cysteine protease - Aspartic acid protease - Metalloendopeptidases |
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Cathepsin 3.4.18,21,22,23 | A - B - C - K - S |
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Hydrolases: acid anhydride hydrolases (EC 3.6) |
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3.6.1 | Pyrophosphatase (Inorganic, Thiamine) - Apyrase - Thiamine triphosphatase |
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3.6.3-4 | ATPase |
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3.6.5 | GTPase |
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Carbon-carbon hydrolases (EC 3.7) |
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Fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase - Kynureninase |
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