Human anatomy is primarily the scientific study of the morphology of the adult human body.[1] It is subdivided into gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy.[1] Gross anatomy (also called topographical anatomy, regional anatomy, or anthropotomy) is the study of anatomical structures that can be seen by unaided vision.[1] Microscopic anatomy is the study of minute anatomical structures assisted with microscopes, which includes histology (the study of the organization of tissues),[1] and cytology (the study of cells).
In some of its facets human anatomy is closely related to embryology, comparative anatomy and comparative embryology,[1] through common roots in evolution; for example, much of the human body maintains the ancient segmental pattern that is present in all vertebrates with basic units being repeated, which is particularly obvious in the vertebral column and in the ribcage, and can be traced from very early embryos.
The human body consists of biological systems, that consist of organs, that consist of tissues, that consist of cells and connective tissue.
The history of anatomy has been characterized, over time, by a continually developing understanding of the functions of organs and structures in the body. Methods have also advanced dramatically, advancing from examination of animals through dissection of preserved cadavers (dead human bodies) to technologically complex techniques developed in the 20th century.
Additional recommended knowledge
Study
Generally, medical students, physiotherapists, nurses, paramedics, radiographers, artists, and students of certain biological sciences, learn gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy from anatomical models, skeletons, textbooks, diagrams, photographs, lectures and tutorials. The study of microscopic anatomy (or histology) can be aided by practical experience examining histological preparations (or slides) under a microscope; and in addition, medical students generally also learn gross anatomy with practical experience of dissection and inspection of cadavers (dead human bodies). A thorough working knowledge of anatomy is required by all medical doctors, especially surgeons, and doctors working in some diagnostic specialities, such as histopathology and radiology.
Human anatomy, physiology and biochemistry are complementary basic medical sciences, which are generally taught to medical students in their first year at medical school. Human anatomy can be taught regionally or systemically;[1] that is, respectively, studying anatomy by bodily regions such as the head and chest, or studying by specific systems, such as the nervous or respiratory systems. The major anatomy textbook, Gray's Anatomy, has recently been reorganized from a systems format to a regional format,[2][3] in line with modern teaching methods.
Regional groups
- Head and neck — includes everything above the thoracic inlet
- Upper limb — includes the hand, wrist, forearm, elbow, arm, and shoulder.
- Thorax — the region of the chest from the thoracic inlet to the thoracic diaphragm.
- Abdomen — everything from the thoracic diaphragm to the pelvic brim or to the pelvic inlet.
- The back — the spine and its components, the vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx, and intervertebral disks .
- Pelvis and Perineum — the pelvis consists of everything from the pelvic inlet to the pelvic diaphragm. The perineum is the region between the sex organs and the anus.
- Lower limb — everything below the inguinal ligament, including the hip, the thigh, the knee, the leg, the ankle, and the foot.
Major organ systems
- Circulatory system: pumping and channeling blood to and from the body and lungs with heart, blood, and blood vessels.
- Digestive system: digestion and processing food with salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, intestines, rectum, and anus.
- Endocrine system: communication within the body using hormones made by endocrine glands such as the hypothalamus, pituitary or pituitary gland, pineal body or pineal gland, thyroid, parathyroids, and adrenals or adrenal glands
- Immune system: protecting against disease by identifying and killing pathogens and tumor cells.
- Integumentary system: skin, hair and nails
- Lymphatic system: structures involved in the transfer of lymph between tissues and the blood stream, the lymph and the nodes and vessels that transport it including the Immune system: defending against disease-causing agents with leukocytes, tonsils, adenoids, thymus, and spleen
- Muscular system: movement with muscles.
- Nervous system: collecting, transferring and processing information with brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, and nerves
- Reproductive system: the sex organs, such as ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands, testes, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate, and penis.
- Respiratory system: the organs used for breathing, the pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, and diaphragm.
- Skeletal system: structural support and protection with bones, cartilage, ligaments, and tendons.
- Urinary system: kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra involved in fluid balance, electrolyte balance and excretion of urine.
Superficial anatomy
Superficial anatomy or surface anatomy is important in human anatomy being the study of anatomical landmarks that can be readily identified from the contours or other reference points on the surface of the body.[1] With knowledge of superficial anatomy, physicians gauge the position and anatomy of the associated deeper structures.
Common names of well known parts of the human body, from top to bottom:
- Head — Forehead — Jaw — Face — Cheek — Chin
- Neck — Shoulders
- Arm — Elbow — Wrist — Hand — Fingers — Thumb
- Spine — Chest — Ribcage
- Abdomen — Groin
- Hip — Buttocks — Leg — Thigh — Knee — Calf — Heel — Ankle — Foot — Toes
- The eye, ear, nose, mouth, teeth, tongue, throat, adam's apple, breast, penis, scrotum, clitoris, vulva, navel are visible too.
Internal organs
Common names of internal organs (in alphabetical order) :
Adrenals — Appendix — Bladder — Brain — Eyes — Gall bladder — Heart — Intestines — Kidney — Liver — Lungs — Esophagus — Ovaries — Pancreas — Parathyroids — Pituitary — Prostate — Spleen — Stomach — Testicles — Thymus — Thyroid — Veins — Uterus
Brain
Main article: Human brain
Amygdala — Brain stem — Cerebellum — Cerebral cortex — Limbic system — medulla — midbrain — pons
See also
References
- ^ a b c d e f g Introduction page, "Anatomy of the Human Body". Henry Gray. 20th edition. 1918. Retrieved on 27 March 2007.
- ^ Publisher's page for Gray's Anatomy. 39th edition (UK). 2004. ISBN 0-443-07168-3. Retrieved on 27 March 2007.
- ^ Publisher's page for Gray's Anatomy. 39th edition (US). 2004. ISBN 0-443-07168-3. Retrieved on 27 March 2007.
- "Anatomy of the Human Body". 20th edition. 1918. Henry Gray. In public domain.
| Skeletal system |
| Musculoskeletal system, connective tissue: bone and cartilage |
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| Cartilage | perichondrium, fibrocartilage callus, metaphysis
cells (chondroblast, chondrocyte)
types (hyaline, elastic, fibrous) |
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| Bone | ossification (intramembranous, endochondral, epiphyseal plate)
cycle (osteoblast, osteoid, osteocyte, osteoclast)
types (cancellous, cortical)
regions (epiphysis, metaphysis, diaphysis)
structure (osteon/Haversian system, Haversian canals, endosteum, periosteum, Sharpey's fibres, enthesis, lacunae, canaliculi, trabeculae, medullary cavity, bone marrow)
shapes (long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid) |
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| Bones of head and neck: the face |
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| maxilla | Body of maxilla - Maxillary sinus - surfaces of body Anterior (Incisive fossa, Canine fossa, Infraorbital foramen, Anterior nasal spine) - Infratemporal (Alveolar canals, Maxillary tuberosity) - Orbital (Infraorbital groove, Infraorbital canal) - Nasal (Pterygopalatine canal)
processes Zygomatic process - Frontal process (Agger nasi, Anterior lacrimal crest) - Alveolar process - Palatine process (Incisive foramen, Incisive canals, Foramina of Scarpa, Premaxilla, Anterior nasal spine) |
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| lacrimal | Posterior lacrimal crest - Lacrimal groove |
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| zygomatic | Orbital process - foramina (Zygomaticofacial, Zygomaticotemporal, Zygomaticoörbital) |
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| palatine | Pterygopalatine fossa - Pterygoid fossa
Horizontal plate (Posterior nasal spine) - Perpendicular plate (Pterygopalatine canal, Sphenopalatine foramen, Pyramidal process)
processes (Orbital - Sphenoidal) |
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| mandible | body (Symphysis menti, Mental protuberance, Mental foramen, Mental spine, Mylohyoid line)
ramus (Mandibular foramen, Mylohyoid groove, Mandibular canal, Angle, Coronoid process, Condyloid process, Mandibular notch) |
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| others | nasal bone - inferior nasal conchae (ethmoidal process, maxillary process) - vomer |
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| Bones of head and neck: the cranium |
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| Occipital | Foramen magnum - Squama occipitalis (Inion - Nuchal lines - Planum occipitale - Planum nuchale - Cruciform eminence - Internal occipital protuberance - Sagittal sulcus - Internal occipital crest)
Lateral parts (Occipital condyle - Hypoglossal canal - Condyloid fossa - Condylar canal - Jugular process - Jugular tubercle) - Basilar part (Pharyngeal tubercle) |
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| Parietal | Parietal eminence - Temporal line - Parietal foramen |
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| Frontal | Squama frontalis (Frontal suture - Frontal eminence - Superciliary arches - Glabella - Supraorbital foramen - Zygomatic process - Sagittal sulcus - Frontal crest - Foramen cecum) - Pars orbitalis (Ethmoidal notch - Lacrimal fossa - Trochlear fovea - Posterior ethmoidal foramen - Anterior ethmoidal foramen - Frontal sinus - Frontonasal duct) |
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| Temporal | Squama temporalis (Articular tubercle - Suprameatal triangle - Mandibular fossa - Petrotympanic fissure) - Mastoid portion (Mastoid foramen - Mastoid process - Mastoid notch - Occipital groove - Sigmoid sulcus - Mastoid antrum) - Petrous portion (Facial canal - Hiatus of the facial canal - Internal auditory meatus - Subarcuate fossa - Carotid canal - Aqueduct of cochlea - Jugular fossa - Inferior tympanic canaliculus - Mastoid canaliculus - Styloid process - Stylomastoid foramen - Petrosquamous suture) - Tympanic part (Suprameatal spine) - Zygomatic process |
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| Sphenoid | Body Superior surface (Ethmoidal spine, Chiasmatic groove, Optic foramen, Sella turcica, Fossa hypophyseos, Middle clinoid process, Dorsum sellae, Posterior clinoid processes, Petrosal process, Clivus) - Lateral surface (Carotid groove - Sphenoidal lingula) - Anterior surface (Sphenoidal sinuses) - Great wings (Spine, Foramen rotundum, Foramen ovale, Foramen Vesalii, Foramen spinosum, Infratemporal crest, Sulcus tubae auditivae) - Small wings (Superior orbital fissure, Anterior clinoid process, Optic foramen) - Pterygoid processes (Pterygoid fossa, Scaphoid fossa, Lateral pterygoid plate, Medial pterygoid plate, Pterygoid canal, Pterygoid hamulus) - Sphenoidal conchae |
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| Ethmoid | Cribriform plate (Crista galli) - Perpendicular plate - Labyrinth (Ethmoid sinus) - Lateral surface Lamina papyracea - Uncinate process - Medial surface Middle nasal concha - Superior meatus - Superior nasal concha - Middle meatus |
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| Bones of upper limbs |
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| Pectoral girdle, clavicle | conoid tubercle - trapezoid line - costal tuberosity - subclavian groove |
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| Scapula | spine of scapula - suprascapular notch - acromion - glenoid cavity - glenoidal labrum - coracoid process - fossae (subscapular, supraspinatous, infraspinatous) - borders (superior, lateral/axillary, medial/vertebral) - angles (superior, inferior, lateral) - tubercles (infraglenoid, supraglenoid) |
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| Humerus | upper extremity: necks (anatomical, surgical) - tubercles (greater, lesser) - intertubercular sulcus
body: radial sulcus - deltoid tuberosity
lower extremity: capitulum - trochlea - epicondyles (lateral, medial) - supracondylar ridges (lateral, medial) - fossae (radial, coronoid, olecranon) |
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| Forearm | ulna: upper extremity (olecranon, coronoid process, tuberosity, radial notch, semilunar notch) - body of ulna - lower extremity (styloid process)
radius: upper extremity (tuberosity) - body - lower extremity (ulnar notch, styloid process) |
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| Hand | carpus: scaphoid - lunate - triquetral - pisiform - trapezium - trapezoid - capitate - hamate (hamulus) - metacarpus: 1st metacarpal - 2nd - 3rd - 4th - 5th - phalanges of the hand |
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| Bones of torso |
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| Sternum | Suprasternal notch, Manubrium, Sternal angle, Body of sternum, Xiphisternal joint, Xiphoid process |
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| Rib | specific ribs (1, 2, 10, 11, 12, false - 8-12, floating - 11-12) - parts (Angle, Tubercle, Costal groove, Neck, Head) |
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| General vertebral structures | body of vertebra, vertebral arch (pedicle, lamina, vertebral notch), foramina (vertebral, intervertebral), processes (transverse, articular / zygapophysis, spinous) |
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| Cervical vertebrae | C1 (anterior arch, posterior arch, lateral mass), C2 (dens), C7, anterior tubercle, posterior tubercle, foramen transversarium |
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| Thoracic vertebrae | costal facets (superior, inferior, transverse) |
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| Lumbar vertebrae | accessory process, mammillary process |
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| Sacrum/coccyx | pelvic surface (anterior sacral foramina), dorsal surface (posterior sacral foramina, median sacral crest, medial sacral crest, lateral sacral crest), lateral surface (sacral tuberosity), base, sacral hiatus - presacral space - sacral promontory - sacral canal - ala of sacrum - sacrovertebral angle |
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| Bones of lower limbs |
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| Femur | head of femur (fovea capitis femoris) · neck of femur · greater trochanter · trochanteric fossa · lesser trochanter · tubercle of the femur · intertrochanteric line · intertrochanteric crest · linea quadrata
body (linea aspera, third trochanter, pectineal line, adductor tubercle)
lower extremity (lateral condyle, medial condyle, lateral epicondyle, medial epicondyle, patellar surface) |
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| Tibia |
| upper extremity |
medial condyle · lateral condyle · intercondyloid eminence · tuberosity of the tibia · posterior intercondyloid fossa · anterior intercondyloid fossa |
| body |
soleal line |
| lower extremity |
medial malleolus |
|
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| Fibula | head of fibula · body of fibula · lateral malleolus |
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| Tarsus | calcaneus (sustentaculum tali, trochlear process) · talus · navicular · cuboid · cuneiform (medial, intermediate, lateral) |
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| Metatarsus | 1st metatarsal · 2nd · 3rd · 4th · 5th |
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| Other | patella · phalanges of the foot |
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| Bones of pelvis/pelvic cavity |
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| General | sacrum, coccyx, hip bone |
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| Ilium | Body (Arcuate line)
Wing: gluteal lines (Posterior, Anterior, Inferior) - Fossa - iliac spines (Anterior superior, Anterior inferior, Posterior superior, Posterior inferior) - Crest - Tuberosity |
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| Ischium | Body (Ischial spine, Lesser sciatic notch) - Superior ramus (Tuberosity of the ischium) - Inferior ramus |
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| Pubis | Body - Superior ramus (Pubic tubercle, Pubic crest, Obturator crest) - Inferior ramus (Pectineal line) |
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| Compound | Acetabulum (Acetabular notch) - Iliopubic eminence/Iliopectineal line - Linea terminalis - Ischiopubic ramus/Pubic arch
Obturator foramen - Greater sciatic foramen/Greater sciatic notch - Lesser sciatic foramen
Lesser pelvis (Pelvic inlet, Pelvic brim, Pelvic outlet) - Greater pelvis |
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| Joints and ligaments of Head and Neck |
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| Atlanto-axial | anterior atlantoaxial ligament - posterior atlantoaxial ligament - cruciform ligament of atlas (transverse ligament of the atlas) |
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| Atlanto-occipital | anterior atlantoöccipital membrane - posterior atlantoöccipital membrane - tectorial membrane - alar ligament - ligament of apex dentis |
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| Temporomandibular | capsule - temporomandibular ligament - sphenomandibular ligament - stylomandibular ligament - articular disk |
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| Joints and ligaments of upper limbs |
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| Shoulder | sternoclavicular: anterior sternoclavicular - posterior sternoclavicular - interclavicular - costoclavicular
acromioclavicular: acromioclavicular - coracoclavicular (trapezoid, conoid) - coracoacromial - superior transverse scapular - inferior transverse of scapula
glenohumeral: coracohumeral - glenohumeral (superior, middle, and inferior) - transverse humeral - glenoid labrum |
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| Elbow | proximal radioulnar, humeroradial, humeroulnar: ulnar collateral - radial collateral - annular - oblique cord |
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| Forearm | distal radioulnar: volar radioulnar - dorsal radioulnar
wrist/radiocarpal: palmar radiocarpal - dorsal radiocarpal - ulnar collateral - radial collateral |
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| Hand | intercarpal, midcarpal: pisohamate ligament - pisometacarpal ligament
carpometacarpal: dorsal carpometacarpal - palmar carpometacarpal
intermetacarpal: deep transverse metacarpal - superficial transverse metacarpal
metacarpophalangeal, interphalangeal |
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| Joints and ligaments of torso |
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| Vertebral column | articulations of vertebral bodies: anterior longitudinal ligament - posterior longitudinal ligament - intervertebral disc (annulus fibrosus, nucleus pulposus)
articulations of vertebral arches : ligamenta flava - supraspinous ligament (nuchal ligament) - interspinal ligament - intertransverse ligament
zygapophysial joint |
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| Costovertebral | articulation of head of rib: radiate ligament - interarticular ligament
costotransverse |
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| Sternocostal | interarticular sternocostal ligament - radiate sternocostal ligaments - costoxiphoid ligaments
interchondral, costochondral |
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| Pelvis | articulation of the vertebral column with the pelvis: iliolumbar ligament
sacroiliac: anterior sacroiliac ligament - posterior sacroiliac ligament - interosseous sacroiliac ligament
ligaments connecting the sacrum and ischium: sacrotuberous ligament - sacrospinous ligament
sacrococcygeal symphysis: anterior sacrococcygeal ligament - posterior sacrococcygeal ligament
pubic symphysis: superior pubic ligament - inferior pubic ligament |
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| Joints and ligaments of lower limbs |
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| Coxal/hip | iliofemoral - pubofemoral - ischiofemoral - head of femur - transverse acetabular |
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| Knee-joint | patellar - popliteal (oblique, arcuate) - collateral (medial/tibial, lateral/fibular) - cruciate (anterior, posterior) - menisci (medial, lateral) |
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| Tibiofibular | Superior tibiofibular: anterior of the head of the fibula - posterior of the head of the fibula
Inferior tibiofibular: anterior of the lateral malleolus - posterior of the lateral malleolus |
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| Talocrural/ankle | deltoid - external lateral of the ankle-joint (anterior talofibular, posterior talofibular, calcaneofibular) |
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| Foot - intertarsal | Subtalar/talocalcaneal: anterior talocalcaneal - posterior talocalcaneal - lateral talocalcaneal - medial talocalcaneal - interosseous talocalcaneal
Talocalcaneonavicular: dorsal talonavicular
Calcaneocuboid: dorsal calcaneocuboid - bifurcated - long plantar - plantar calcaneocuboid
Transverse tarsal: plantar calcaneonavicular/spring |
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| Foot - other | Cuneonavicular, Cuboideonavicular, Intercuneiform and cuneocuboid, Tarsometatarsal/Lisfranc, Intermetatarsal, Metatarsophalangeal, Interphalangeal
Arches of the foot (Longitudinal, Transverse)
Plantar cuneonavicular ligaments |
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|
| Muscular system |
| List of muscles of head and neck: the head |
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| scalp/eyelid | occipitofrontalis (occipitalis, frontalis) - orbicularis oculi - corrugator supercilii - depressor supercilii |
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| extraocular | levator palpebrae superioris - superior tarsal - rectus (superior, inferior, medial, lateral) - oblique (superior, inferior) |
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| intraocular | ciliary - iris dilator - iris sphincter |
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| ear | auriculares - temporoparietalis - stapedius - tensor tympani |
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| nose | procerus - nasalis (dilatator naris) - depressor septi nasi - levator labii superioris alaeque nasi |
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| mouth | levator anguli oris/depressor anguli oris - levator labii superioris/depressor labii inferioris - zygomaticus (major, minor) - mentalis - buccinator - orbicularis oris - risorius |
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| mastication | masseter - temporalis - pterygoid (lateral, medial) |
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| tongue | extrinsic (genioglossus, hyoglossus, chondroglossus, styloglossus) - intrinsic (superior longitudinal, inferior longitudinal, transversus, verticalis) |
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| soft palate | levator veli palatini - tensor veli palatini - musculus uvulae - palatoglossus - palatopharyngeus |
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| pharynx | pharyngeal constrictor (inferior, middle, superior) - stylopharyngeus - salpingopharyngeus |
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| larynx | cricothyroid - cricoarytenoid (posterior, lateral) - arytenoid - thyroarytenoid |
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| List of muscles of torso |
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| BACK | splenius (capitis, cervicis) - erector spinae (iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis) - latissimus dorsi
transversospinales: (semispinalis dorsi, semispinalis cervicis, semispinalis capitis, multifidus, rotatores) - interspinales - intertransversarii |
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| SUBOCCIPITAL | rectus capitis posterior (major, minor) - obliquus capitis (inferior, superior) |
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| CHEST | intercostales (external, internal, innermost) - subcostales - transversus thoracis - levatores costarum - serratus posterior (inferior, superior) - diaphragm |
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| ABDOMEN | anterior/lateral wall: obliques (external, internal) - transversus abdominis - rectus abdominis - pyramidalis
posterior wall: quadratus lumborum - psoas major/psoas minor - iliacus
cremaster |
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| PELVIS/FLOOR | levator ani (iliococcygeus, pubococcygeus, puborectalis) - coccygeus |
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| PERINEUM | anal triangle: sphincter ani (externus, internus)
superficial perineal pouch (superficial transverse perineal, bulbospongiosus, ischiocavernosus)
deep perineal pouch (deep transverse perineal, sphincter urethrae membranaceae) |
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| List of muscles of upper limbs |
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| VERTEBRAL COLUMN | trapezius - latissimus dorsi - rhomboid (major, minor) - levator scapulae |
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| THORACIC WALLS | pectoralis major - pectoralis minor - subclavius - serratus anterior |
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| SHOULDER | deltoid - rotator cuff (supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis) - teres major |
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| ARM | anterior compartment: coracobrachialis - biceps brachii - brachialis
posterior compartment: triceps brachii - anconeus |
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| FOREARM | anterior compartment: super. - pronator teres - palmaris longus - flexor carpi radialis - flexor carpi ulnaris - flexor digitorum superficialis - deep - pronator quadratus - flexor digitorum profundus - flexor pollicis longus
posterior compartment: super. - mobile wad (brachioradialis, extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis) - extensor digitorum, - extensor digiti minimi - extensor carpi ulnaris - deep - supinator - anatomical snuff box (abductor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis brevis, extensor pollicis longus) - extensor indicis |
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| HAND | lateral volar - thenar (opponens pollicis, flexor pollicis brevis, abductor pollicis brevis, adductor pollicis)
medial volar - palmaris brevis - hypothenar (abductor minimi digiti, flexor digiti minimi brevis, opponens digiti minimi)
intermediate - lumbrical - dorsal interossei - palmar interossei |
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| List of muscles of lower limbs |
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| ILIAC REGION/ILIOPSOAS | psoas major/psoas minor - iliacus |
|---|
| BUTTOCKS | gluteals: (maximus, medius, minimus) - tensor fasciae latae
lateral rotator group: piriformis - obturator externus/obturator internus - inferior gemellus/superior gemellus - quadratus femoris |
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| THIGH | anterior compartment: sartorius - quadriceps (rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, vastus medialis) - articularis genu
posterior compartment/hamstring: biceps femoris - semitendinosus, semimembranosus
medial compartment: gracilis - pectineus - adductor (brevis, longus, magnus) |
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| LEG | anterior compartment: tibialis anterior - extensor hallucis longus - extensor digitorum longus - fibularis tertius
posterior compartment: superficial - calf/triceps surae (gastrocnemius, soleus) - plantaris - deep - popliteus - tarsal tunnel (flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus, tibialis posterior)
lateral compartment: fibularis muscles (longus, brevis) |
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| FOOT | dorsal - extensor digitorum brevis - extensor hallucis brevis
plantar - 1st layer (abductor hallucis, flexor digitorum brevis, abductor digiti minimi) - 2nd layer (quadratus plantae, lumbrical muscle) - 3rd layer (flexor hallucis brevis, adductor hallucis - flexor digiti minimi brevis) - 4th layer (dorsal interossei, plantar interossei) |
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|
| Cardiovascular system |
| Anatomy of torso, cardiovascular system: heart |
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| Structures | atria (interatrial septum, musculi pectinati) • ventricles (interventricular septum, trabeculae carneae, chordae tendinae, papillary muscle) • valves • cusps |
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| Regions | base • apex • grooves (coronary/atrioventricular, interatrial, anterior interventricula, posterior interventricular) • surfaces (sternocostal, diaphragmatic) • borders (right, left) |
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| Right heart | (vena cavae, coronary sinus) → right atrium (auricle, fossa ovalis, limbus of fossa ovalis, crista terminalis, valve of the inferior vena cava, valve of the coronary sinus) → tricuspid valve → right ventricle (conus arteriosus, moderator band/septomarginal trabecula) → pulmonary valve → (pulmonary artery and pulmonary circulation) |
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| Left heart | (pulmonary veins) → left atrium (auricle) → mitral valve → left ventricle → aortic valve (aortic sinus) → (aorta and systemic circulation) |
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| Layers | pericardium: fibrous pericardium • serous pericardium (pericardial cavity, epicardium/visceral layer) • pericardial sinus
myocardium • endocardium • cardiac skeleton (fibrous trigone, fibrous rings) |
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| Conduction system | Cardiac pacemaker • SA node • AV node• bundle of His • Purkinje fibers |
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| List of arteries of head and neck |
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| Anterior: CC/EC | superior thyroid (superior laryngeal) - lingual (sublingual)
facial: cervical branches (ascending palatine, tonsillar, submental, glandular) - facial branches (inferior labial, superior labial, lateral nasal, angular)
|
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| Posterior and ascending: CC/EC | occipital - posterior auricular (stylomastoid) - ascending pharyngeal (meningeal branches) |
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| Terminal, superficial temporal: CC/EC | transverse facial - middle temporal (zygomaticoörbital) - anterior auricular - frontal - parietal
|
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| Terminal, maxillary: CC/EC | 1st part: anterior tympanic - deep auricular - middle meningeal (superior tympanic) - accessory meningeal - inferior alveolar (mylohyoid)
2nd part: deep temporal - pterygoid branches - masseteric - buccal
3rd part: posterior superior alveolar - infraorbital (anterior superior alveolar) - descending palatine - artery of the pterygoid canal - sphenopalatine |
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| portions #1 and 2: CC/IC | cervical portion (carotid sinus) - petrous portion (Vidian, caroticotympanic) |
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| cavernous portion/ophthalmic: CC/IC | orbital group: lacrimal (lateral palpebral) - supraorbital - posterior ethmoidal - anterior ethmoidal - medial palpebral - supratrochlear - dorsal nasal
ocular group: central retinal - ciliary (short posterior, long posterior, anterior) - superior hypophysial - inferior hypophysial
|
|---|
| cerebral portion: CC/IC | ACA - anterior communicating - MCA (anterolateral central) - posterior communicating - anterior choroidal - circle of Willis |
|---|
| vertebral artery: SC | meningeal branches - posterior spinal - anterior spinal - PICA - basilar (pontine, labyrinthine, AICA, SCA, PCA) |
|---|
| thyrocervical trunk: SC | inferior thyroid (inferior laryngeal, tracheal, esophageal, ascending cervical) - suprascapular - transverse cervical - dorsal scapular |
|---|
| List of arteries of upper limbs |
|---|
| Axillary | scapular anastomosis - 1st part superior thoracic - 2nd part thoracoacromial (deltoid branch)- lateral thoracic - 3rd part subscapular (circumflex scapular, thoracodorsal) - anterior humeral circumflex - posterior humeral circumflex |
|---|
| Brachial | profunda brachii (radial collateral, medial collateral) - superior ulnar collateral - inferior ulnar collateral |
|---|
| Radial | forearm: radial recurrent - palmar carpal branch - superficial palmar branch
wrist: dorsal carpal branch (dorsal carpal arch, dorsal metacarpal, dorsal digital)
hand: princeps pollicis - radial of index finger - deep palmar arch (palmar metacarpal) |
|---|
| Ulnar | forearm: anterior ulnar recurrent - posterior ulnar recurrent - common interosseous (anterior, posterior, recurrent)
wrist: palmar carpal branch - dorsal carpal branch
hand: superficial palmar arch (common palmar digital, proper palmar digital) - deep palmar branch - palmar carpal arch |
|---|
| List of arteries of torso - abdomen |
|---|
AA:
Anterior |
| celiac |
|
| SMA |
inferior pancreaticoduodenal –
intestinal (jejunal, ileal, arcades, vasa recta) –
ileocolic (colic, anterior cecal, posterior cecal, ileal branch, appendicular) –
right colic –
middle colic
|
| IMA |
left colic –
sigmoid –
superior rectal –
marginal
|
|
|---|
AA:
Posterior |
visceral: middle suprarenal –
renal
(inferior suprarenal, ureteral) –
gonadal (testicular ♂/ovarian ♀)
parietal: inferior phrenic
(superior suprarenal) –
lumbar –
median sacral
terminal: common iliac (IIA, EIA)
|
|---|
IIA:
Anterior |
umbilical
(superior vesical,
to ductus deferens) –
middle rectal –
obturator (anterior branch, posterior branch) - inferior gluteal (accompanying of ischiadic nerve, crucial anastomosis)
uterine ♀ (helicine, vaginal of uterine, ovarian of uterine, tubal of uterine) - vaginal ♀/inferior vesical ♂
internal pudendal: inferior rectal - perineal (urethral) - posterior scrotal ♂/labial ♀ - bulb of penis ♂/vestibule ♀ - deep artery of the penis ♂ (helicine)/clitoris ♀ - dorsal of the penis ♂/clitoris ♀
|
|---|
IIA:
Posterior |
iliolumbar (lumbar, iliac) –
lateral sacral –
superior gluteal
|
|---|
| EIA |
inferior epigastric
(cremasteric, round ligament) –
deep circumflex iliac – femoral
|
|---|
| List of arteries of lower limbs |
|---|
| EI: Femoral | superficial epigastric - superficial iliac circumflex - external pudendal (superficial, deep/anterior scrotal arteries) - profunda femoris (lateral circumflex femoral, medial circumflex femoral, perforating) - descending genicular |
|---|
| Popliteal | anterior tibial - sural
genicular: superior genicular (medial, lateral) - middle genicular - inferior genicular (medial, lateral) |
|---|
| Anterior tibial | dorsalis pedis: tarsal (lateral - medial) - arcuate - dorsal metatarsal/first dorsal metatarsal - deep plantar
tibial recurrent (posterior, anterior)
anterior malleolar (medial, lateral) |
|---|
| Posterior tibial | circumflex fibular - fibular
medial plantar - lateral plantar (plantar arch, plantar metatarsal) |
|---|
|
| Venous system |
| Veins of upper limbs |
|---|
| superficial | Dorsal digital • Dorsal metacarpal • Dorsal network • Palmar digital • Intercapitular • Cephalic • Median cubital • Accessory cephalic • Basilic • Median antebrachial |
|---|
| deep | Palmar metacarpal • Superficial palmar arch • Deep palmar arch • Radial • Ulnar • Brachial • Axillary |
|---|
| Veins of the torso |
|---|
| Coronary | coronary sinus (great cardiac, left marginal, small cardiac, middle cardiac, posterior of the left ventricle, oblique of the left atrium) • anterior cardiac (right marginal) • pulmonary |
|---|
Thorax/
SVC | brachiocephalic: inferior thyroid - thymic - internal thoracic (anterior intercostal, superior epigastric) - left superior intercostal - supreme - vertebral - internal jugular - subclavian (axillary: lateral thoracic, thoracoepigastric) - pericardiacophrenic
azygos: right superior intercostal - bronchial - intercostal/posterior intercostal 5-11 - accessory hemiazygos/hemiazygos - superior phrenic |
|---|
| Vertebral column | vertebral venous plexuses (external, internal) • spinal (posterior, anterior) • basivertebral • intervertebral |
|---|
Abdomen/
IVC | to IVC (some to renal vein on left): inferior phrenic - hepatic - suprarenal - renal - gonadal (ovarian ♀/testicular ♂, pampiniform plexus ♂) - lumbar - common iliac
to azygos system: ascending lumbar (subcostal) |
|---|
| Pelvis/common iliac | median sacral vein
external iliac: inferior epigastric - deep circumflex iliac vein
internal iliac - posterior: iliolumbar - superior gluteal - lateral sacral
internal iliac - anterior: inferior gluteal - obturator - uterine ♀ (uterine plexus ♀) - vesical (vesical plexus, prostatic plexus ♂, deep of penis ♂/clitoris ♀, posterior scrotal ♂/labial ♀) - vaginal plexus/vein ♀ - middle rectal - internal pudendal (inferior rectal, bulb of penis ♂/vestibule ♀) - rectal plexus |
|---|
Portal system/
portal vein | splenic: short gastric - left gastroepiploic - pancreatic - inferior mesenteric (superior rectal, left colic)
superior mesenteric: right gastroepiploic - pancreaticoduodenal - jejunal - ileal - middle colic - right colic - ileocolic (appendicular)
direct (cystic, left gastric/esophageal, right gastric, paraumbilical) |
|---|
| fetal | ductus venosus • umbilical |
|---|
|
| Nervous system |
| Brain: rhombencephalon (hindbrain) |
|---|
| Myelencephalon/medulla |
anterior/ventral: Arcuate nucleus of medulla • Pyramid (Decussation) • Olivary body • Inferior olivary nucleus • Anterior median fissure • Ventral respiratory group
posterior/dorsal: VII,IX,X: Solitary/tract • XII, X: Dorsal • IX,X,XI: Ambiguus • IX: Inferior salivatory nucleus • Gracile nucleus/Cuneate nucleus/Accessory cuneate nucleus • Area postrema • Posterior median sulcus • Dorsal respiratory group
raphe/reticular: Sensory decussation • Reticular formation (Gigantocellular nucleus, Parvocellular reticular nucleus, Ventral reticular nucleus, Lateral reticular nucleus, Paramedian reticular nucleus) • Raphe nuclei (Obscurus, Magnus, Pallidus)
tracts: Corticospinal tract (Lateral, Anterior) • Inferior cerebellar peduncle • Olivocerebellar tract • Spinocerebellar (Dorsal, Ventral) • Spinothalamic tract • PCML (Posterior external arcuate fibers, Internal arcuate fibers, Medial lemniscus) • Extrapyramidal (Rubrospinal tract, Vestibulospinal tract, Tectospinal tract)
|
|---|
| Metencephalon/pons |
anterior/ventral: Superior olivary nucleus • Basis pontis (Pontine nuclei, Middle cerebellar peduncles)
posterior/dorsal: Pontine tegmentum (Trapezoid body, Superior medullary velum, Locus ceruleus, MLF, Vestibulocerebellar tract, V Principal Spinal & Motor, VI, VII, VII: Superior salivary nucleus) • VIII-c (Dorsal, Anterior)/VIII-v (Lateral, Superior, Medial, Inferior)
raphe/reticular: Reticular formation (Caudal pontine reticular nucleus, Oral pontine reticular nucleus, Tegmental pontine reticular nucleus, Paramedian pontine reticular formation) • Median raphe nucleus
Apneustic center • Pneumotaxic center
|
|---|
| Metencephalon/cerebellum | Vermis • Flocculus • Arbor vitae • Cerebellar tonsil • Inferior medullary velum
Molecular layer (Stellate cell, Basket cell, Parallel fiber) • Purkinje cell layer (Purkinje cell) • Granule cell layer (Golgi cell) • Mossy fibers • Climbing fiber
Deep cerebellar nuclei (Dentate, Emboliform, Globose, Fastigial) |
|---|
| Fourth ventricle | apertures (Median, Lateral) • Rhomboid fossa (Vagal trigone, Hypoglossal trigone, Obex, Sulcus limitans, Facial colliculus, Medial eminence) • Lateral recess |
|---|
| Brain: telencephalon (cerebrum, cerebral cortex, cerebral hemispheres) |
|---|
| Primary sulci/fissures | Medial longitudinal, Lateral, Central, Parietoöccipital, Calcarine, Cingulate, Callosal Collateral fissure |
|---|
| Frontal lobe | Precentral gyrus (Primary motor cortex, 4), Precentral sulcus, Superior frontal gyrus/Frontal eye fields (6, 8, 9), Middle frontal gyrus (46), Inferior frontal gyrus (44-Pars opercularis, 45-Pars triangularis), Orbitofrontal cortex (10, 11, 12, 47) |
|---|
| Parietal lobe | Somatosensory cortex (Primary (1, 2, 3, 43), Secondary (5)), Precuneus (7m), Parietal lobules (Arcuate fasciculus/Superior (7l), Inferior (40)), Angular gyrus (39), Intraparietal sulcus, Marginal sulcus |
|---|
| Occipital lobe | Primary visual cortex (17), Cuneus, Lingual gyrus, 18, 19 - Lateral occipital sulcus |
|---|
| Temporal lobe | Primary auditory cortex (41, 42), Superior temporal gyrus (38, 22), Middle temporal gyrus (21), Inferior temporal gyrus (20), Fusiform gyrus (37) Medial temporal lobe (Amygdala, Hippocampus, Parahippocampal gyrus (27, 28, 34, 35, 36) |
|---|
| Cingulate cortex/gyrus | Subgenual area (25), anterior cingulate (24, 32, 33), Posterior cingulate (23, 31), Retrosplenial cortex (26, 29, 30), Supracallosal gyrus |
|---|
| white matter tracts | Corpus callosum (Splenium, Genu, Rostrum, Tapetum), Septum pellucidum, Internal capsule, Corona radiata, External capsule, Olfactory tract, Fornix (Commissure of fornix), Anterior commissure, Posterior commissure Terminal stria Superior and Inferior longitudinal fasciculus, uncinate fasciculus, cingulum, Inferior occipitofrontal fasciculus |
|---|
| Basal ganglia | Striatum (Putamen,Caudate nucleus, Nucleus accumbens), Globus pallidus, Claustrum, Subthalamic nucleus, Substantia nigra |
|---|
| Other | Insular cortex Olfactory bulb, Anterior olfactory nucleus Septal nuclei Basal optic nucleus of Meynert |
|---|
| Some categorizations are approximations, and some Brodmann areas span gyri. |
| Nerves - autonomic nervous system (sympathetic nervous system/ganglion/trunks and parasympathetic nervous system/ganglion) |
|---|
| Head/cranial | Ciliary ganglion (Short ciliary nerves) - Pterygopalatine ganglion (Nerve of pterygoid canal) - Submandibular ganglion - Otic ganglion |
|---|
| Neck/cervical | paravertebral ganglia: Cervical ganglia (Superior, Middle, Inferior) - Stellate ganglion
prevertebral plexus: Cavernous plexus - Internal carotid |
|---|
| Chest/thorax | paravertebral ganglia: Thoracic ganglia
prevertebral plexus: Cardiac plexus - Esophageal plexus - Pulmonary plexus - Thoracic aortic plexus
splanchnic nerves: Thoracic splanchnic nerves
cardiac nerves: Superior - Middle - Inferior |
|---|
| Abdomen/Lumbar | paravertebral ganglia: Lumbar ganglia
prevertebral ganglia: Celiac ganglia (Aorticorenal) - Superior mesenteric ganglion - Inferior mesenteric ganglion
prevertebral plexus: Celiac plexus - (Hepatic, Splenic, Pancreatic) - aorticorenal (Abdominal aortic plexus, Renal/Suprarenal) - Superior mesenteric (Gastric) - Inferior mesenteric (Spermatic, Ovarian) - Superior hypogastric (hypogastric nerve, Superior rectal) - Inferior hypogastric (Vesical, Prostatic/Cavernous nerves of penis, Uterovaginal, Middle rectal)
splanchnic nerves: Lumbar splanchnic nerves
enteric nervous system: Meissner's plexus • Auerbach's plexus |
|---|
| Pelvis/sacral | paravertebral ganglia: Sacral ganglia - Ganglion impar
splanchnic nerves: Pelvic splanchnic nerves - Sacral splanchnic nerves |
|---|
| All | Rami communicans (White, Gray) - Preganglionic fibers - Postganglionic fibers |
|---|
| Nerves of head and neck: the cranial nerves |
|---|
| I-IV | olfactory • optic • oculomotor (superior branch, inferior branch) • trochlear |
|---|
| V: trigeminal | trigeminal ganglion • ophthalmic • maxillary • mandibular |
|---|
| VI: abducens | no significant branches |
|---|
| VII: facial | nervus intermedius • geniculate • inside facial canal (greater petrosal, nerve to the stapedius, chorda tympani) • at exit from stylomastoid foramen (posterior auricular, digastric • stylohyoid) • on face (temporal, zygomatic, buccal, mandibular, cervical) |
|---|
| VIII: vestibulocochlear | cochlear (striae medullares, lateral lemniscus) • vestibular (Scarpa's ganglion) |
|---|
| IX: glossopharyngeal | nucleus ambiguus • ganglia (superior, petrous) • tympanic (tympanic plexus, lesser petrosal) • carotid sinus • pharyngeal branches • pharyngeal plexus |
|---|
| X: vagus | ganglia (jugular, nodose) • in the jugular fossa (meningeal branch, auricular branch) • in the neck (pharyngeal branch, superior laryngeal ext and int, recurrent laryngeal, superior cervical cardiac) • in the thorax (inferior cardiac, pulmonary branches, anterior vagal trunk, posterior vagal trunk) • in the abdomen (celiac branches - renal branches - hepatic branches of anterior vagal trunk - anterior gastric branches of anterior vagal trunk - posterior gastric branches of posterior vagal trunk) |
|---|
| XI-XII | accessory • hypoglossal |
|---|
| Anatomy of torso (primarily): the spinal cord |
|---|
| Spinal nerve | Dorsal (Root, Ganglion, Ramus) • Ventral (Root, Ramus) • Sympathetic trunk • rami communicantes (Gray, White) |
|---|
| Gray matter/Rexed laminae | Posterior horn (Column of Clarke, Substantia gelatinosa of Rolando, Nucleus proprius) • Lateral horn • Anterior horn • Central canal/Substantia gelatinosa centralis |
|---|
| White matter: somatic/ascending (blue) | |
|---|
| White matter: motor/descending (red) |
Lateral: Corticospinal (Lateral) • Ep (Rubrospinal, Olivospinal)
Anterior: Corticospinal (Anterior) • Ep (Vestibulospinal, Tectospinal, Reticulospinal)
|
|---|
| Layers | Epidural space • Dura mater • Subdural space • Arachnoid mater • Subarachnoid space • Pia mater |
|---|
| Other structures | Denticulate ligaments • Conus medullaris • Cauda equina • Filum terminale • Cervical enlargement • Lumbar enlargement • Anterior median fissure |
|---|
| Nerves: spinal nerves |
|---|
| Cervical (8) | anterior (Cervical plexus, Brachial plexus) - posterior (Posterior branches of cervical nerves, Suboccipital, Greater occipital, Third occipital) |
|---|
| Thoracic (12) | anterior (Intercostal, Intercostobrachial - T2, Thoraco-abdominal nerves - T7-T11, Subcostal - T12) - posterior (Posterior branches of thoracic nerves) |
|---|
| Lumbar (5) | anterior (Lumbar plexus, Lumbosacral trunk) - posterior (Posterior branches of the lumbar nerves, Superior cluneal L1-L3) |
|---|
| Sacral (5) | anterior (Sacral plexus) - posterior (Posterior branches of sacral nerves, Medial cluneal nerves) |
|---|
| Coccygeal (1) | anterior (Coccygeal plexus) - posterior (Posterior branch of coccygeal nerve) |
|---|
| Nerves of upper limbs (primarily): the brachial plexus |
|---|
| Supraclavicular | dorsal scapular • suprascapular • to the subclavius • long thoracic |
|---|
| Infraclavicular: lateral cord | musculocutaneous (lateral cutaneous of forearm) • lateral pectoral
lateral head of median (anterior interosseous, palmar, common palmar digital, proper palmar digital) |
|---|
| Infraclavicular: medial cord | medial pectoral • medial cutaneous of forearm • medial cutaneous of arm
ulnar (muscular branches, dorsal branch, palmar branch, superficial branch, deep branch)
medial head of median |
|---|
| Infraclavicular: posterior cord | subscapular (upper, lower) • thoracodorsal
axillary (superior lateral cutaneous of arm)
radial (muscular, inferior lateral cutaneous of arm, posterior cutaneous of arm, posterior cutaneous of forearm, superficial branch, deep branch, posterior interosseous) |
|---|
| Other | cutaneous innervation of the upper limbs |
|---|
| Nerves of lower limbs and lower torso: the lumbosacral plexus |
|---|
| lumbar plexus (L1-L4) | iliohypogastric (lateral cutaneous branch, anterior cutaneous branch) - ilioinguinal (anterior scrotal ♂/labial ♀) - genitofemoral (femoral branch/lumboinguinal, genital branch) - lateral cutaneous of thigh (patellar) - obturator (anterior, cutaneous, posterior, accessory) - femoral (anterior cutaneous branches, saphenous) |
|---|
| sacral plexus (L4-S4) | muscular: superior gluteal/inferior gluteal - to quadratus femoris - to obturator internus - to the piriformis
sciatic: tibial (medial sural cutaneous, sural, medial calcaneal, medial plantar, lateral plantar)
sciatic: common fibular (lateral sural cutaneous, deep fibular, superficial fibular, medial dorsal cutaneous, intermediate dorsal cutaneous)
cutaneous: posterior cutaneous of thigh (inferior cluneal, perineal branches) - perforating cutaneous |
|---|
| coccygeal plexus (S4-Co) | pudendal: inferior anal - perineal (deep, posterior scrotal ♂/labial ♀) - dorsal of the penis ♂/clitoris ♀
anococcygeal |
|---|
| cutaneous innervation of the lower limbs |
| Sensory system: Auditory and Vestibular systems |
|---|
| Outer ear | Pinna (Helix, Antihelix, Tragus, Antitragus, Earlobe) • Ear canal |
|---|
| Middle ear | Eardrum (Umbo) • Ossicles (Malleus, Incus & Stapes) • Stapedius • Tensor tympani • Eustachian tube (Torus tubarius) |
|---|
| Inner ear/Labyrinth | Bony labyrinth (Vestibule) • Membranous labyrinth
Oval window • Helicotrema • Round window
Cochlea: Spiral ganglion • Modiolus • Cochlear duct/scala media (Endolymph, Stria vascularis, Spiral ligament, Organ of Corti) • Scala vestibuli and Scala tympani (Perilymph)
Reissner's/vestibular membrane • Basilar membrane • Tectorial membrane
Organ of Corti: Hair cells • Stereocilia • Sulcus spiralis (externus, internus) • Limbus spiralis |
|---|
| Vestibular system | Static/translations: Utricle (Macula) - Saccule (Macula, Endolymphatic sac, Endolymphatic duct) - Kinocilium - Otolith
Kinetic/rotations: Semicircular canals (Superior, Posterior, Horizontal) • Cupula • Ampullae (Crista ampullaris) |
|---|
| Brain (auditory) | Cochlear nerve VIII → Cochlear nuclei → Superior olivary nuclei → Lateral lemniscus → Inferior colliculi → Medial geniculate nuclei → Primary auditory cortex |
|---|
| Sensory system: Gustatory system |
|---|
| Tongue • Taste bud (Circumvallate papillae, Filiform papilla, Fungiform papilla) • Foliate papillae • Gustatory cortex • Basic tastes |
|
| Lymphatic system |
| Lymphatics of head and neck |
|---|
| Head | Occipital - Mastoid - Parotid (Preauricular) - Buccinator - Submandibular - Submental - Retropharyngeal |
|---|
| Neck | Cervical (Superficial, Superior deep, Inferior deep) - Supraclavicular (Virchow's) - Paratracheal - Jugular trunk |
|---|
| Tonsils/Waldeyer's tonsillar ring | Palatine - Lingual - Adenoid - Tubal |
|---|
| Lymphatics of upper limbs |
|---|
| Axillary | brachial - pectoral axillary - subscapular axillary - central - apical |
|---|
| Other | supratrochlear - deltopectoral |
|---|
| Lymphatics of torso |
|---|
| Chest | Right lymphatic duct - Thoracic duct (spans diaphragm)
Bronchomediastinal trunk (Tracheobronchial, Parasternal) - Intercostal |
|---|
| Abdomen | Cisterna chyli
Lumbar trunk - lumbar/paraaortic: Retroaortic - Lateral aortic - iliac: Common (External, Internal, Sacral)
Intestinal trunk - preaortic: Celiac (Gastric, Hepatic, Splenic) - Superior mesenteric (Mesenteric, Ileocolic, Mesocolic) - Inferior mesenteric (Pararectal) |
|---|
|
| General anatomy |
| Anatomy of torso, respiratory system: Lungs and related structures |
|---|
| lungs |
right •
left •
lingula •
apex •
base •
root •
cardiac notch •
cardiac impression •
hilum •
borders (anterior, posterior, inferior) •
surfaces (costal, mediastinal, diaphragmatic) •
fissures (oblique, horizontal)
|
|---|
| conducting zone | |
|---|
| respiratory zone |
respiratory bronchiole •
alveolar duct •
alveolus •
alveolar-capillary barrier
|
|---|
| pleurae |
parietal pleura (cervical, costal, mediastinal, diaphragmatic) •
visceral pleura •
pulmonary ligament •
recesses (costomediastinal, costodiaphragmatic) •
pleural cavity
|
|---|
| Anatomy of torso, digestive system: Gastrointestinal tract |
|---|
| Upper GI: to stomach | Mouth • Pharynx (nasopharynx, oropharynx, hypopharynx) • Esophagus • Crop |
|---|
| Upper GI: stomach | rugae - gastric pits - cardia/gland - fundus/gland - pylorus/gland - pyloric antrum - pyloric canal - greater curvature - lesser curvature - angular incisure |
|---|
| Lower GI: intestines | Small intestine: Duodenum (Suspensory muscle, Major duodenal papilla, Minor duodenal papilla) • Duodenojejunal flexure • Jejunum • Ileum • continuous (intestinal villus, crypts of Lieberkühn, circular folds)
Junction: Vermiform appendix • Ileocecal valve
Large intestine: Cecum • Colon (ascending colon, hepatic flexure, transverse colon, splenic flexure, descending colon, sigmoid colon) • continuous (taenia coli, haustra, epiploic appendix) |
|---|
| Lower GI: termination | Rectum: Houston valve • rectal ampulla • pectinate line
Anal canal: anal valves • anal sinuses • anal columns • Hilton's white line
Anus: Sphincter ani internus muscle • Sphincter ani externus muscle |
|---|
| Lower GI: lymph | GALT: Peyer's patches (M cells) |
|---|
| Anatomy of torso, digestive system: Digestive glands |
|---|
| Liver | by region: Left lobe (Caudate lobe, Quadrate lobe) - Right lobe - Transverse fissure of liver
by function (Fibrous capsule of Glisson, Hepatocyte, Space of Disse, Space of Mall, Kupffer cell, Liver sinusoid, Ito cell, Hepatic lobule)
bile ducts: (Bile canaliculus, Canals of Hering, Interlobular bile ducts, Intrahepatic bile ducts, Left and Right hepatic ducts, Common hepatic duct) |
|---|
| Gallbladder | by region (Body, Fundus, Neck)
ducts: Cystic duct |
|---|
| Pancreas | by region (Tail, Body, Head, Uncinate process)
by function (Islets of Langerhans, Exocrine pancreas)
ducts: Pancreatic duct • Accessory pancreatic duct |
|---|
| Common | Common bile duct - Hepatopancreatic ampulla - Sphincter of Oddi |
|---|
| Male reproductive system |
|---|
| Scrotum | layers (skin, Dartos, External spermatic fascia, Cremaster/Cremasteric fascia, Internal spermatic fascia) • Perineal raphe • Spermatic cord |
|---|
| Testes | layers (Tunica vaginalis, Tunica albuginea) • Appendix • Mediastinum • Lobules • Septa • Leydig cell • Sertoli cell • Blood-testis barrier |
|---|
| Spermatogenesis | Spermatogonium • Spermatocytogenesis • Spermatocyte • Spermatidogenesis • Spermatid • Spermiogenesis • Spermatozoon |
|---|
| seminal tract | Seminiferous tubules (Tubuli seminiferi recti, Rete testis, Efferent ducts) • Epididymis (Appendix) • Vas deferens (Ampulla) • Ejaculatory duct |
|---|
| urinary tract | Internal urethral orifice • Urethra (Prostatic, Intermediate, Spongy, Navicular fossa) • External urethral orifice |
|---|
| accessory glands | Seminal vesicles (Excretory duct of seminal gland) • Prostate (Urethral crest/Seminal colliculus/Prostatic utricle/Ejaculatory duct, Prostatic sinus/Prostatic ducts) • Bulbourethral glands |
|---|
| Penis | root (Crus, Bulb, Fundiform ligament, Suspensory ligament) • body (Corpus cavernosum, Corpus spongiosum) • glans (Foreskin, Frenulum, Corona) • fascia (superficial/subcutaneous, deep/Buck's) • Tunica albuginea - Septum of the penis |
|---|
| Female reproductive system |
|---|
| Follicles/Folliculogenesis | corpus (hemorrhagicum, luteum, albicans) • Theca folliculi (externa, interna) • Follicular antrum (Follicular fluid) • Corona radiata • Zona pellucida • Membrana granulosa (Granulosa cells) |
|---|
| Ovaries/Oogenesis | Germinal epithelium • Tunica albuginea • cortex (Cumulus oophorus, Stroma) • Medulla |
|---|
| Fallopian tubes | Isthmus • Ampulla • Infundibulum • Fimbria |
|---|
| Ligaments | Broad (components: Mesovarium, Mesosalpinx, Mesometrium contents: Round of uterus, Proper of ovary) • Suspensory of ovary • Cardinal |
|---|
| Uterus | cervix/neck (External orifice - Canal of the cervix, Internal orifice) • corpus/body (Cavity of the body, Fundus) • layers (Endometrium, Myometrium, Perimetrium) |
|---|
| Vulva/mons pubis | Labium: commissures (Anterior • Posterior) • Frenulum labiorum pudendi • Labia majora • Cleft of venus • Labia minora • Vulval vestibule • interlabial sulci
Clitoris: Vestibular bulbs • Clitoral crura • Corpus cavernosa • Clitoral glans (Frenulum, Hood)
Vagina: vestibular glands/ducts (Bartholin's glands/Bartholin's ducts, Skene's glands/Skene's ducts) • Fossa of vestibule of vagina • Vaginal fornix • Hymen • Orifice |
|---|
| Vestiges | Wolffian (Gartner's duct, Epoophoron, Paroöphoron) • Canal of Nuck |
|---|
| Other | G-spot • Urethral sponge |
|---|
| General anatomy of head and neck - head |
|---|
| Face/Occiput | Forehead • Eye • Ear • Temple • Cheek • Chin |
|---|
| External nose | Nostril • Nasal septum • Cartilages (Accessory nasal, of the septum, Greater alar, Lateral nasal, Lesser alar, Vomeronasal) • Olfactory glands |
|---|
| Nasal cavity | Choana • Turbinate • Sphenoethmoidal recess • Ethmoid bulla • Hiatus semilunaris • Ostium maxillare • Inferior meatus • Vomeronasal organ • Paranasal sinus |
|---|
| Mouth/oral cavity | Lip (Upper, Lower) • Philtrum • Jaw • Pterygomandibular raphe |
|---|
| Teeth | Permanent (Incisor, Canine, Premolar, Molar) • Deciduous |
|---|
| Tongue | Plica fimbriata • Median sulcus • Foramen cecum • Terminal sulcus • Frenulum linguae • Anterior tongue • Posterior tongue |
|---|
| Palate/roof of mouth | Hard palate • Soft palate • Palatine raphe • Incisive papilla • Uvula • Pharyngeal recess • Arches (Palatoglossal, Palatopharyngeal) |
|---|
| Salivary glands | Parotid gland/Parotid duct • Submandibular gland/Submandibular duct • Sublingual gland/Major sublingual duct |
|---|
| Other | fascia (Masseteric fascia, Temporal fascia, Galea aponeurotica) • Scalp |
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| General anatomy of upper limbs |
|---|
| Arm |
Clavipectoral triangle •
spaces (Quadrangular space, Triangular space, Triangular interval) •
Axilla •
Axillary sheath •
Anterior axillary fold •
compartment of arm (Posterior, Anterior) •
intermuscular septa (Lateral, Medial) •
fascia (Axillary, Brachial)
|
|---|
| Forearm |
Cubital fossa (Bicipital aponeurosis) •
common tendons (Extensor, Flexor) •
Interosseous membrane of the forearm •
compartment of forearm (Posterior, Anterior) •
Carpal tunnel •
fascia (Antebrachial fascia)
|
|---|
| Hand | |
|---|
| General anatomy of torso |
|---|
Thorax/
Thoracic cavity | Mediastinum (Superior, Anterior, Middle, Posterior) • Superior thoracic aperture • Inferior thoracic aperture • Triangle of auscultation • Intercostal space • Thoracic plane • Thoracic wall/Thoracic cage - fascia (Pectoral fascia, Clavipectoral fascia, Thoracolumbar fascia) • Chest • Midsternal line |
|---|
| Thoracic diaphragm | openings (Caval opening, Esophageal hiatus, Aortic hiatus, Foramina of Morgagni) • Central tendon • Crus of diaphragm • arcuate ligaments (Lateral, Medial, Median) |
|---|
Abdomen/
Abdominal cavity | Retroperitoneum • Paracolic gutters • Hepatobiliary triangle
anterior abdominal wall (Arcuate line, Linea alba, Tendinous intersection, Linea semilunaris, McBurney's point, Traube's space, Inguinal triangle) • Inguinal canal (Deep inguinal ring, Superficial inguinal ring, Intercrural fibers, Crura of superficial inguinal ring) • Lumbar triangle • regions (Epigastrium, Hypochondrium, Umbilical region, Latus, Hypogastrium, Inguinal region) • planes (Transpyloric plane, Intertubercular plane, Midclavicular line)
fascia (Fascia of Camper, Fascia of Scarpa, Transversalis fascia, Renal fascia, Rectus sheath) |
|---|
Pelvis/
Pelvic cavity | Pelvic floor • Retropubic space
fascia (Pelvic fascia, Superior fascia of diaphragm of pelvis, Inferior fascia of diaphragm of pelvis, Fascia of the Obturator internus, Tendinous arch, Iliac fascia) |
|---|
| Perineum | Anal triangle (Ischioanal fossa, Pudendal canal, Anococcygeal raphe)
Urogenital triangle (Superficial perineal pouch, Deep perineal pouch)
Perineal body
fascia (Dartos/fascia of perineum/superficial perineal fascia/Fascia of Colles, Perineal membrane/"Inferior fascia of UGD", "Superior fascia of UGD") |
|---|
| General anatomy of lower limbs |
|---|
| Buttocks | Gluteal sulcus - Gluteal cleft |
|---|
| Thigh | Fascial compartments of thigh (Anterior, Medial, Posterior)
Inguinal ligament • Pectineal ligament • Lacunar ligament • Reflected inguinal ligament • Conjoint tendon • Interfoveolar ligament
Saphenous opening
Obturator membrane/Obturator canal
Femoral triangle • Femoral sheath (Femoral canal) • Femoral ring
Adductor canal • Adductor hiatus
fascia (Iliotibial tract, Fascia lata, Fascia cribrosa) |
|---|
| Cnemis (anatomic leg) |
Popliteal fossa •
Calf •
Shin •
Pes anserinus •
Fascial compartments of leg (Anterior, Lateral, Posterior)
|
|---|
| Foot | |
|---|
|
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