Heterodera

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Heterodera ^[1][2] is a soybean cyst nematode. Heterodera was first reported from Japan in 1916. Studies at that time showed that the nematode had been present in Japan since 1881. The soybean cyst nematode was first reported in the United States in 1954 and in Canada in 1987. Soybean cyst nematodes are completely sedentary except for a small amount of movement by juveniles and adult males which may amount to only a few centimetres. As a result, a new infestation of soybean cyst nematode is usually caused by the movement of cysts from infested fields to non-infested fields, by means such as machinery, birds or wind.

Locations

• Africa: Egypt
• Asia: China (Hebei, Hubei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Jiangsu, Liaoning), Indonesia (Java), Korean peninsula, Japan, Taiwan (unconfirmed), Russia (Amur District in the Far East).
• North America: Canada (Ontario), USA (Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Minnesota, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, New Jersey, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia and Wisconsin).
• South America: Argentina (unconfirmed), Brazil (unconfirmed), Chile, Columbia, Ecuador.

References