Heavy chain

  A heavy chain is the large polypeptide subunit of a protein complex, such as a motor protein (e.g. myosin, kinesin, or dynein) or antibody (or immunoglobulin). A typical antibody is composed of two immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy chains and two Ig light chains. Several different types of heavy chain exist that define the class or isotype of an antibody. These heavy chain types vary between different animals. All heavy chains contain a series of immunoglobulin domains, usually with one variable (IgV) domain that is important for binding antigen and several constant (IgC) domains.

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In mammals

Classes

There are five types of mammalian immunoglobulin heavy chain: γ, δ, α, μ and ε.^[1] They define classes of immunoglobulins.

• Heavy chains α and γ have approximately 450 amino acids.
• Heavy chains μ and ε have approximately 550 amino acids. ^[1]

Regions

  Each heavy chain has two regions:

• a constant region (which is the same for all immunoglobulins of the same class but differs between each class of immunoglobulins).
  • Heavy chains γ, α and δ have a constant region composed of three tandem (in a line next to each other) immunoglobulin domains but also have a hinge region for added flexibility.^[2]
  • Heavy chains μ and ε have a constant region composed of four immunoglobulin domains.^[1]
• a variable region that differs between different B cells, but is the same for all immunoglobulins produced by the same B cell or B cell clone. The variable domain of any heavy chain is composed of a single immunoglobulin domain. These domains are about 110 amino acids long.

In fish

Jawed fish appear to be the most primitive animals that are able to make antibodies like those described for mammals.^[3] However, fish do not have the same repertoire of antibodies that mammals possess.^[4] Three distinct Ig heavy chains have so far been identified in bony fish.

• The first identified was the μ (or mu) heavy chain that is present in all jawed fish and is the heavy chain for what is thought to be the primordial immunoglobulin. The resulting antibody, IgM, is secreted as a tetramer (containing four polypeptide chains) in teleost fish instead of the typical pentamer (containing five polypeptide chains) found in mammals and sharks.

• The heavy chain (δ) for IgD was identified initially from the channel catfish and Atlantic salmon and is now well documented for many teleost fish.^[5]

• The third teleost Ig heavy chain gene was identified very recently and does not resemble any of the heavy chains so far described for mammals. This heavy chain, identified in both rainbow trout (τ)^[6] and zebrafish (ζ),^[7] could potentially form a distinct antibody isotype (IgT or IgZ) that may precede IgM in evolutionary terms.

Similar to the situation observed for bony fish, three distinct Ig heavy chain isotypes have been identified in cartilaginous fish. With the exception of IgM, these Ig heavy chain isotypes appear to be unique to cartilaginous fish and are designated IgM, IgW (also called IgX or IgNARC) and IgNAR.^[8]

References