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Grandmother cellThe grandmother cell, also known as the gnostic neuron, is a hypothetical neuron that represents a person's grandmother or, more generally, any complex and specific concept or object.[1] A grandmother cell activates when a person "sees, hears, or otherwise sensibly discriminates"[2] his or her grandmother. The term grandmother cell was coined by Jerry Lettvin; the term gnostic neuron comes from Jerzy Konorski.[3] Additional recommended knowledgeSupport for the grandmother cell theory comes from early and replicated studies that found visual neurons in the inferior temporal cortex of the monkey that fired selectively to hands and faces.[4][5][6][7] However, they didn’t find monkey cells that were selective for other visual objects important for monkeys such as fruit and genitalia. This was explained with the argument that it is more crucial for a monkey to differentiate among faces than among other categories of stimuli such as bananas. Furthermore, faces are more similar to each other in their overall organization and fine detail than any other stimuli that a monkey must discriminate among.[1] More support for the theory came from later studies[8][9] that found that inferior temporal cells can be trained to show great specificity for arbitrary visual objects, and these would seem to fit the requirements of gnostic/grandmother cells. In 2005, a UCLA and Caltech study found evidence of different grandmother cells that represent people like Bill Clinton or Jennifer Aniston. A neuron for Halle Berry, for example, would respond "to the concept, the abstract entity, of Halle Berry", and would fire not only for images of Halle Berry, but also to the actual name "Halle Berry".[13] However, there is no suggestion in that study that only the cell being monitored responded to that concept, nor was it suggested that no other actress would cause that cell to respond (although several other presented images of actresses did not cause it to respond).[14] The grandmother cell hypothesis is not universally accepted. The opposite of the grandmother cell theory is the distributed representation theory, that states that a specific stimulus is coded by its unique pattern of activity over a group of neurons. The arguments against the grandmother cell theory include:
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This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Grandmother_cell". A list of authors is available in Wikipedia. |