Brain: Septum pellucidum
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Scheme of rhinencephalon. (Septum pellucidum visible at top center.)
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Median sagittal section of brain. (Septum pellucidum visible at center.)
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Gray's
| subject #189 840
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NeuroNames
| hier-238
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MeSH
| Septum+Pellucidum
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Dorlands/Elsevier
| s_08/12730534
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The septum pellucidum (also called the septum lucidum) is a thin, triangular, vertical membrane that separates the lateral ventricles of the brain. It separates the anterior horn of the left and right lateral ventricles. It runs as a sheet from the corpus collosum down to the fornix. When the hemispheres are cut apart, the septum remains on one hemisphere, usually the left.
Additional recommended knowledge
Layers
The septum pellucidum actually consists of two layers or laminae of both white and gray matter, called the laminae septi pellucidi.
These layers are normally fused; however, in approximately one-tenths of humans, there is a slit-like cavity between them, referred to as cavum septum pellucidum, cavum septi pellucidi, or "fifth ventricle" [1][2]. The last term has lost favor in recent years, as the space is usually not continuous with the ventricular system and does not contain cerebrospinal fluid [3]. Indeed fifth ventricle has been used for other purposes in recent years.[4].
Location
The septum pellucidum is located in the midline of the brain, between the two cerebral hemispheres. It is attached superiorly (above), anteriorly (in front), and inferiorly (below) to the corpus callosum, the large collection of nerve fibers that connect the two hemispheres.
Inferiorly and posteriorly (in back), it is attached to the anterior part of the fornix.
On either side are the two lateral ventricles, pockets of cerebrospinal fluid within the cerebral hemispheres.
Pathology
Absence of the septum pellucidum or corpus callosum, caused by mutations in the HESX1 gene, is associated with septo-optic dysplasia. This may result in hypothalamic dysfunction and hypopituitarism, as well as problems of vision, coordination, and intelligence, among other abnormalities.
One famous reference to an abnormality of the septum pellucidum would be the movie Rocky V. In the movie, the main character Rocky Balboa is forced to retire due to brain damage sustained throughout his career.
Additional images
References
- ^ c_16/12221166 at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
- ^ Love J, Hollenhorst R (1956). "Bilateral palsy of the sixth cranial nerve caused by a cyst of the septum pellucidum (fifth ventricle) and cured by pneumoencephalography.". Mayo Clin Proc 31 (2): 43-6. PMID 13289891.
- ^ Alonso J, Coveñas R, Lara J, Piñuela C, Aijón J (1989). "The cavum septi pellucidi: a fifth ventricle?". Acta Anat (Basel) 134 (4): 286-90. PMID 2741657.
- ^ Liccardo G, Ruggeri F, De Cerchio L, Floris R, Lunardi P (2005). "Fifth ventricle: an unusual cystic lesion of the conus medullaris.". Spinal Cord 43 (6): 381-4. PMID 15655569.
- Gray, Henry & Clemente, Carmine D. (1984). Gray's Anatomy of the Human Body (30th ed.). New York: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
- Kasper, Dennis L.; Braunwald, Eugene; Fauci, Anthony S.; Hauser, Stephen L.; Longo, Dan L.; Jameson, J. Larry; & Kurt J. Isselbacher, (Eds.) (2004). Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine (16th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Brain: telencephalon (cerebrum, cerebral cortex, cerebral hemispheres) |
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Primary sulci/fissures | Medial longitudinal, Lateral, Central, Parietoöccipital, Calcarine, Cingulate, Callosal Collateral fissure |
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Frontal lobe | Precentral gyrus (Primary motor cortex, 4), Precentral sulcus, Superior frontal gyrus/Frontal eye fields (6, 8, 9), Middle frontal gyrus (46), Inferior frontal gyrus (44-Pars opercularis, 45-Pars triangularis), Orbitofrontal cortex (10, 11, 12, 47) |
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Parietal lobe | Somatosensory cortex (Primary (1, 2, 3, 43), Secondary (5)), Precuneus (7m), Parietal lobules (Arcuate fasciculus/Superior (7l), Inferior (40)), Angular gyrus (39), Intraparietal sulcus, Marginal sulcus |
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Occipital lobe | Primary visual cortex (17), Cuneus, Lingual gyrus, 18, 19 - Lateral occipital sulcus |
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Temporal lobe | Primary auditory cortex (41, 42), Superior temporal gyrus (38, 22), Middle temporal gyrus (21), Inferior temporal gyrus (20), Fusiform gyrus (37) Medial temporal lobe (Amygdala, Hippocampus, Parahippocampal gyrus (27, 28, 34, 35, 36) |
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Cingulate cortex/gyrus | Subgenual area (25), anterior cingulate (24, 32, 33), Posterior cingulate (23, 31), Retrosplenial cortex (26, 29, 30), Supracallosal gyrus |
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white matter tracts | Corpus callosum (Splenium, Genu, Rostrum, Tapetum), Septum pellucidum, Internal capsule, Corona radiata, External capsule, Olfactory tract, Fornix (Commissure of fornix), Anterior commissure, Posterior commissure Terminal stria Superior and Inferior longitudinal fasciculus, uncinate fasciculus, cingulum, Inferior occipitofrontal fasciculus |
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Basal ganglia | Striatum (Putamen,Caudate nucleus, Nucleus accumbens), Globus pallidus, Claustrum, Subthalamic nucleus, Substantia nigra |
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Other | Insular cortex Olfactory bulb, Anterior olfactory nucleus Septal nuclei Basal optic nucleus of Meynert |
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Some categorizations are approximations, and some Brodmann areas span gyri. |
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