Edgar Crookshank

Edgar March Crookshank (1858 – 1928) was an English physician and microbiologist.

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Crookshank studied at King’s College, London and qualified for medicine in 1881. He served briefly as an assistant to Joseph Lister, a physician noted for his work promoting antiseptics and sterile surgery. In 1882 Crookshank served as a doctor with the British armed forces sent to Egypt as a result of the Urabi Revolt, being decorated for his service at the Battle of Tel al-Kebir.

On return from Egypt, Crookshank toured Europe in 1884 for further medical training. In Berlin he visited the laboratory of Robert Koch and learned methods of isolating bacteria strains to investigate infectious diseases.

When he returned to London Crookshank wrote a textbook, An Introduction to Practical Bacteriology Based on the Methods of Koch, which was published in 1886. Subsequent editions were published under differing titles in 1887, 1890 and 1896.

He was also interested in the use of photography to study bacteria and published Photography of Bacteria in 1887. In the introduction to this book he wrote that the photographs were "intended to convince scoffers of the essential truth of the new Science, that specific, often morphologically distinct, microorganisms were the cause of particular infectious diseases".

During this time he became interested in the study of infectious diseases in animals and in 1886 was awarded the chair of Comparative Pathology and Bacteriology at King’s College. In his new role he was asked to investigate an outbreak of cowpox in Lechlade, Gloucestershire.

His investigations led him to reconsider the use of cowpox-derived vaccines to immunize against smallpox—a treatment developed by Edward Jenner nearly a hundred years earlier. His conclusion was that such vaccines were ineffective in preventing smallpox because the two diseases (cowpox and smallpox) were “totally distinct.” Instead of a cowpox-derived vaccine, he advocated the use of a more dangerous vaccination using attenuated smallpox. In 1889 he published a two-volume treatise on the subject, A History and Pathology of Vaccination.

Vaccination policies were a divisive topic at the time and in the ensuing controversy that resulted from his publication, Crookshank quit his chair at King’s College in 1891. He continued to speak out on health matters but never worked in a laboratory again. He subsequently, however, focused on the encouragement of agricultural and veterinary science, serving as a governor of the Royal Veterinary College until his death.

In 1894 he was appointed JP for Sussex, and in 1906 stood unsuccessfully as East Grinstead's parliamentary candidate as a Unionist and Tariff Reformer. In later life, he travelled extensively in the Dominions, becoming a skilled big-game hunter and deputy chairman of two Scottish-Australian corporations.

References

• Professor Crookshank, Obituary, The Times, Jul 03, 1928.
• The bacteria craze of the 1880s.(Department of History), The Lancet (Feb 13, 1999): 581(1).