Drought tolerance

  Drought tolerance refers to the degree to which a plant is adapted to arid or drought conditions. Desiccation tolerance is an extreme degree of drought tolerance.^[1] Plants naturally adapted to dry conditions are called xerophytes.

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Adaptations to dry conditions

Main article: Xerophyte

Drought tolerant plants typically make use of either C4 carbon fixation or crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) to fix carbon during photosynthesis. Both are improvements over the more common but more basal C3 pathway in that they are more energy efficient. CAM is particularly good for arid conditions because carbon dioxide can be taken up at night, allowing the stomata to stay closed during the heat of day and thus reducing water loss.^[2]

Many adaptations for dry conditions are structural, including the following:

• Adaptations of the stomata to reduce water loss, such as reduced numbers or waxy surfaces.
• Water storage in succulent above-ground parts or water-filled tubers.
• Adaptations in the root system to increase water absorption.
• Trichomes (small hairs) on the leaves to absorb atmospheric water.

Importance in agriculture

Arid conditions can lower the yield of many crops. Plant breeding programs for improved yield during drought conditions have great economic importance, and these programs may be broad in scope. For example, one study on soybeans currently being conducted by the United States Department of Agriculture is scheduled to span several years, with research taking place across that country, and has among its goals the identification of specific mechanism by which soybeans resist wilting and of the specific genes for drought tolerance.^[3]

Importance in horticulture

In landscapes in arid or drought-prone regions, drought tolerance is an important consideration in plant selection. Xeriscaping is an approach to landscaping first developed in Denver, Colorado, a region with hot, dry summers. The use of drought tolerant plants is essential to a successful xeriscape, which ideally requires no supplemental irrigation.

References

1. ^ http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=191622
2. ^ http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/e24/24b.htm
3. ^ http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/projects/projects.htm?accn_no=409278