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Diplomatic and humanitarian efforts in the Somali Civil WarThe Somali Civil War began in 1988. It has gone through various phases over the past two decades. In 2006, open civil war broke out between the Islamic Courts Union (ICU) and the Alliance for the Restoration of Peace and Counter-Terrorism (ARPCT) in March through June, and later, the Transitional Federal Government (TFG). Because the TFG is backed by Ethiopia, and the ICU is backed by Ethiopian rival, Eritrea, an escalation of tensions risks turning this into an international crisis and regional war that could spread across the Horn of Africa. Over the course of 2006, Ethiopian involvement in the Somali Civil War has escalated. As of December 20, ICU and Ethiopian forces came into direct conflict in the Battle of Baidoa. The civil war is exacerbating already severe conditions in the country. 2006 also saw an extreme drought followed by the worst storms and floods in decades, causing misery and danger to hundreds of thousands of internally displaced persons (IDPs) and refugees that traveled to Kenya, Ethiopia, Yemen and beyond. A number of efforts have been made to reestablish peace in the nation and region, alleviate human suffering, and bring humanitarian relief. There have also been many international expressions of desires and hopes for Somalia's peace, security, and future. Additional recommended knowledgeInternational ConcernsA spokesman for the African Union said Ethiopia has every right to defend its sovereignty and supported Ethiopian military actions in Somalia. He blamed the African Union of being slow on what was necessary to restrain Ethiopia from taking unilateral action.[1] However, the BBC reports that the AU has now changed its position and urged Ethiopia to withdraw immediately.[2] An Arab League spokesman said his organization would like all hostilities to stop and warring parties to respect the binding agreements they signed before world community. He said Somalia doesn’t need outside intervention and Ethiopia must leave Somalia.[3] On December 26, US State Department spokesman Gonzalo Gallegos noted Ethiopia has "genuine security concerns" regarding Somalia and that it had intervened in the country at the behest of the TFG. He refused to comment as to whether the US was actively supplying Ethiopia in the conflict.[4] Kofi Annan called Ethiopian and Kenyan leaders to attempt to arrange a halt to the fighting, while the Security Council was briefed on the situation.[5] The Security Council called for an immediate end to the fighting and as it meets Wednesday and onwards. It is reported to be in a deadlock due to differences in opinion between council president Qatar and Western nations over the withdrawal of international troops.[6] On December 27, the African Union called on Ethiopia to withdraw thousands of troops from Somalia immediately. The call was supported by the Arab League and the east African grouping IGAD.[2] Scope of the Crisis
Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs)Mainly Somali refugees have gone to the neighboring states of Kenya, Ethiopia, and Yemen. Many of these are living in refugee camps. According to the World Food Programme (WFP), the regional crisis in the Horn of Africa in 2006 required their assistance for about 1.5 million persons: "563,000 Kenyans and 100,000 Somali refugees in Kenya, 455,000 people in Somalia and 362,000 in Ethiopia."[7] While not all of these figures for the overall humanitarian crisis in the Horn of Africa represent Somalis, a very large number are Somalis inside the country or living in refugee camps in other nations. CARE estimates 1.8 million people were pushed to the brink of starvation in the region due to drought, flood and civil war combined, while it could only provide food to 600,000 persons. Over 1 million lost their homes due to flooding.[8] WFP on December 19, 2006 said it was only reaching 255,000 of the 455,000 Somalis in need.[9] Other refugees from the Somali civil war have disbursed through the world, where they have formed their own communities and integrated into new societies with greater or lesser success. Programs for Somali refugees have been set up by many governments, including the US 2000-2003 program for Somali Bantu Refugees.[10] Location of Somali refugee camps (and their populations):
Location of international Somali communities:
Diplomatic InitiativesUN Security Council ResolutionsOn December 6, 2006 the UN Security Council passed a pair of resolutions involving Somalia:
Somali reaction to the resolutions was generally positive for supporters of the TFG,[21] and negative, angering, or outrightly hostile for supporters of the ICU.[22] It was seen as a US-backed plan. Ever since Operation Restore Hope, and the First Battle of Mogadishu, the United States has not been popular amongst the Somalis. IGAD and AU members balked at creating the necessary peacekeeping force. There was ICU resistance to allowing Ethiopian troops be part of the mission, for instance. Uganda, the one nation that initially committed to provide a battalion of troops, later backed away from its pledge when the Islamists threatened to attack any UN peacekeepers that entered the country.[23][24] In its defense, the current crisis does not allow for peacekeepers when there is active hostilities conducted with heavy weapons (see Battle of Baidoa). On December 26, at 3 pm New York time (2000 GMT), the UN Security Council heard a briefing on the crisis by special envoy for Somalia, Francois Lonseny Fall of Guinea.[25] In the briefing, he said all UN and NGO staff had been evacuated from the area, including the UN Disaster Assessment and Coordination Team. The fighting had put nearly 2 million flood-affected persons at severe risk.[26] Kofi Annan called Ethiopian and Kenyan leaders to attempt to arrange a halt to the fighting, while the Security Council was briefed on the situation.[5] On December 27, the UN Security Council remained deadlocked for the second day, with council chair Qatar refusing to budge over the demand for withdrawal of Ethiopian troops from the country.[27] Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD)By the authority of UN Security Council 1725, the member states of the Intergovernmental Authority on Development IGAD and the African Union (AU) are enchartered to conduct a peacekeeping mission to Somalia. Dubbed IGASOM, the mission would seek to put UN-sanctioned peacekeepers in the country for the first time since the 1992-1995 missions (UNOSOM I, UNITAF, and UNOSOM II). On December 2, 2006, representatives of IGAD and the ICU met and published a cordial and formal communique[28] committing the ICU to the IGAD plans. Subsequently, the ICU has declared its opposition to the mission. IGASOM never deployed to Somalia. Instead, in early 2007, the mission was expanded to invite willing members of the broader African Union, and dubbed the African Union Mission to Somalia (AMISOM). African Union (AU)By the authority of UN Security Council 1725, the member states of IGAD and the African Union (AU) are enchartered to conduct a peacekeeping mission to Somalia. Originally dubbed IGASOM, the mission would seek to put UN-sanctioned peacekeepers in the country for the first time since the 1992-1995 missions (UNOSOM I, UNITAF, and UNOSOM II). IGASOM never deployed to Somalia. Instead, in early 2007, the mission was expanded to invite willing members of the broader African Union, and dubbed the African Union Mission to Somalia (AMISOM). On January 6, 2005 the original plans for the AU to put peacekeepers in Somalia was first agreed by the AU Peace and Security Council. Uganda was cited as the first nation to commit troops to the mission. Yet the mission did not materialize as planned. A year later, no AU or IGAD peacekeepers had been deployed.[29] On December 23, 2006, the AU issued a release signed by AU President Alpha Oumar Konaré calling for a cease fire.[30] On December 26, 2006, the AU implicitly backed Ethiopia's intervention on behalf of the Somalian Transitional Federal Parliament of the Somali Republic. AU spokesman Patrick Mazimhaka was quoted as saying "We do not criticise Ethiopia because Ethiopia has given us ample warning that they are threatened by the Islamic Courts group,".[31] On January 14, 2007, an AU delegation arrived in Mogadishu to discuss the deployment of international peacekeepers. Mohamed Foum, the AU special representative for Somalia, said nine delegates had gone to speak to Somali leaders. However, challenges remained, and there was no agreement yet to send peacekeepers to the country.[32] Yemeni MediationYemeni President Ali Abdullah Saleh met separately with both TFG and ICU representatives respectively on December 5 and December 6 to see if rapproachment might be possible between the parties. However, for now, both parties said a dialogue was impossible because of increased tensions and fighting.[33][34] Yemen has seen a tremendous rise in the number of Somali refugees -- numbers have doubled this year to over 150,000. Over 650 refugees were eaten by sharks trying to cross the Red Sea.[35] EU EffortsOn December 20, 2006 just as major hostilities were breaking out, European Union Commissioner for Development and Humanitarian Aid Louis Michel conducted shuttle diplomacy between the TFG seat in Baidoa and the ICU government seat in Mogadishu. The warring parties agreed to talk, but the conflict continued to rage on, worrying observers whether the prospects of talks are moot for now.[36][37][38] On December 25, the EU Presidency, held by Finland, issued a plea to end the fighting in Somalia.[39] EU Commissioner Louis Michel likewise called for the TFG and ICU to resume talks in Khartoum.[40] On January 3, 2007, EU leaders met and agreed it was unlikely for them to send any peacekeepers to Somalia, and were also unclear about what financial assistance they might give a peacekeeping mission, but affirmed their interest to continue humanitarian support to the nation.[41] Arab League (AL)On December 23, 2006 Samir Hosni, Director of African Affairs for the Arab League called for a halt to the violence. The Arab League seeks to co-sponsor peace talks with the African Union.[42] In Egypt, Somalia was discussed, as well as conflicts in Lebanon and Chad, at a meeting between Egyptian Foreign Minister Ahmad Aboul Gheit (also "Abu-al-Ghayt") and Sudanese Arab League envoy to Lebanon Mustafa Osman Ismail.[43] On December 24, 2006 in Cairo, Arab League Assistant Secretary General for Political Affairs Ahmed bin Hilli made an appeal for a cessation of fighting in an interview with al-Arabiya television of Dubai.[44] On December 26, an Arab League spokesman said his organization would like all hostilities to stop and warring parties to respect the binding agreements they signed before world community. He said Somalia doesn’t need outside intervention and Ethiopia must leave Somalia.[3] United StatesOn December 23, 2006, US Secretary of State, Condoleezza Rice met with Ugandan Foreign Minister Sam Kutesa to urge Uganda to take a leading role in establishing peacekeeping operations in Somalia through IGAD.[45] ExpressionsWhile many individuals or groups are not empowered or chartered to officially taken direct intercession or binding action, they have expressed their desires and hopes for the future of a peaceful Somalia.
Humanitarian EffortsUnited Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA)Eric Laroche was assigned as the UN Humanitarian Coordinator for all Somali relief efforts.[50] "Engaging in conflict at a time when a significant segment of the population is already struggling for survival is unacceptable," Mr Laroche said. "More than ever, stability is now essential for the success of the ongoing humanitarian operation and all efforts should be entirely focused on alleviating the suffering of Somalis." OCHA had deployed the UN Disaster Assessment and Coordination Team (UNDAC), but recently had to withdraw it due to security concerns regarding the heavy fighting.[52][26] United Nations High Commissioner on Refugees (UNHCR)The United Nations High Commissioner on Refugees (UNHCR)'s Deputy High Commissioner, Wendy Chamberlin, has spent a great deal of time focusing efforts on the Horn of Africa, which has been struck this year by terrible drought, followed by torrential floods.[53] On December 26, 2006, UN High Commissioner on Refugees António Guterres made an appeal to end the crisis in the region and warned of large-scale displacements if fighting continued.[54] World Food Programme (WFP)The United Nations World Food Programme (WFP) is providing humanitarian relief to hundreds of thousands of persons in Somalia and over a million throughout the Horn of Africa during 2006. As of December 19, 2006, it was providing food to 278,000 of 455,000 affected Somalis.[55] On December 24, 2006, a WFP-chartered Anatov-12 dropped 14 tons of food to Afmadow, cut off by recent flooding. Fifty trucks trying to reach Afmadow have been stuck in the mud for seven weeks.[56] On December 27, WFP airdrop efforts were suspended and personnel relocated from Kismayo to Nairobi, Kenya, after the government put restrictions on flights. Ground operations continued.[57] On January 2, WFP operations, including UN Common Air Services (UNCAS) flights, were resumed. Offices were reopened in Bu'aale and Wajid, and deliveries of food resumed to Afmadow province. A ship docked in Mogadishu on December 26 with 4,500 tons of food, and was finally able to offload its cargo while the port underwent the change of hands from the ICU to a local sub-clan, and finally to the TFG.[58] UNICEFUNICEF is providing care to 250,000 Somalis out of the 330,000 affected in the Shabelle and Juba river valley areas.[59] Among other programs, UNICEF is operating the Bay Project 1 (BP1) camp in Baidoa, close to the front of the fighting, for Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) who lived there even before the recent phase of the civil war.[60] ICRCThe International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) has been operating continuously in Somalia since 1977, when famine and the Ogaden War caused humanitarian crises. In the case of 2006, their mission has been similarly set by alternating periods of severe drought and flooding, and calamities caused by man-made war. On December 26, 2006 Antonella Notari, spokeswoman for the ICRC, declared over 800 war wounded had been taken in at Somali hospitals since the beginning of Ethiopian air strikes. She said that thousands were leaving the war zone and that it was too early to tell whether this was a temporary displacement.[61] On December 31, 2006, a plane chartered by the ICRC on its way to Somalia with a load of fuel drums and aid supplies, crashed not long after taking off in Nairobi, Kenya. The crew of three survived.[62] Somali Red Crescent Society (SRCS) / Ururka Bisha CasThe Somali Red Crescent Society (SRCS) is the national branch of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC). The local office in Baidoa is at the literal front lines of the civil war.[63][64] Ahmed Gure of the SRCS was also on hand to witness the Ethiopian air strikes against Beledweyne on December 24, 2006: An eyewitness told IRIN that aircraft, allegedly Ethiopian, had struck areas near the town of Beletweyne in Southern Somalia this morning. "Two jet airplanes bombarded the town this morning. They came back five times," said Ahmed Gure of the Somali Red Crescent Society (SRCS) in Beletweyne. He said the attack took about an hour. Gure said many of the town's population were only just starting to return from temporary camps after they were displaced by recent flooding, and "can ill-afford to move again, but I am afraid if the situation deteriorates they will move again."[56] Doctors Without Borders / Médecins Sans Frontières EffortsDoctors Without Borders/Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) organized flood relief earlier in 2006, in an effort known as the Galgaduud Project. It focused on nutrition, non-food related deliveries, dealt with war-related suffering, as well as medical care.[65] On December 23, MSF Director of Operations Bruno Jochum expressed concern if military aircraft—especially US military aircraft—might be used to drop humanitarian aid because it risks misperceptions of connection between aid workers and the military, which might make it unsafe to continue working in Somalia.[66] On February 16, 2007, a gunman attacked two MSF Spain staff in Baardheere. MSF doctors and staff are in the town working to reopen the largest hospital, which had been closed for the past decade. The workers were uninjured. Local tribal leaders pledged their support for the work of MSF in the region.[67] CARE
CARE estimates 1.8 million people were pushed to the brink of starvation in the region due to drought, flood and civil war combined, while it could only provide food to 600,000 persons. Over 1 million lost their homes due to flooding.[8] Save the Children-UKHas protection officers looking after child welfare at the Dadaab refugee camps and assessing safety of border crossings into Kenya.[69] Joined with other humanitarian NGOs to appeal to the warring factions to end the conflict.[68] World Vision
Mercy-USA
Norwegian Church AidOn December 31, 2006, spokeswoman Kari Øyen of Norwegian Church Aid (NCA), a member of ACT, reported that 10,000 people had been displaced to Garbaharrey by recent fighting. NCA was dispensing blankets and relief supplies.[70] External Sources
Notes
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| This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Diplomatic_and_humanitarian_efforts_in_the_Somali_Civil_War". A list of authors is available in Wikipedia. |
