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Diphenoxylate



Diphenoxylate
Systematic (IUPAC) name
ethyl 1-(3-cyano-3,3-diphenyl-propyl)- 4-phenyl-piperidine-4-carboxylate
Identifiers
CAS number 915-30-0
ATC code A07DA01
PubChem 13505
DrugBank APRD00366
Chemical data
Formula C30H32N2O2 
Mol. mass 452.587 g/mol
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability  ?
Protein binding 74-95%
Metabolism  ?
Half life 12-14 hours
Excretion  ?
Therapeutic considerations
Pregnancy cat.

?

Legal status

Schedule II(US)

Routes  ?

Diphenoxylate is an opioid agonist used for the treatment of diarrhea that acts by slowing intestinal contractions. It was discovered at Janssen Pharmaceutica in 1956. It is a congener to the narcotic Meperidine of which the common brand name is Demerol. This being the case, this medication is potentially habit-forming, particularly in high doses or when long-time usage is involved. Because of this, diphenoxylate is manufactured and marketed as a combination drug with atropine (Lomotil®).

This pharmaceutical strategy is designed to discourage abuse, because the anticholinergic effect of atropine will produce severe weakness and nausea if standard dosage is exceeded.

This medication is classified as a Schedule V under the Controlled Substances Act by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the DEA in the United States when used in preparations. When diphenoxylate is used alone, it is classified as a Schedule II.

References

  • Merlo M, Brown CH, The effect of diphenoxylate hydrochloride on diarrhea, Am J Gastroenterol. 1960 Dec;34:625-30.
  • Kasic AM, Treatment of diarrhea in irritable colon, including preliminary observations with a new antidiarrheal agent, diphenoxylate hydrochloride (Lomotil), Am J Gastroenterol. 1961 Jan;35:46-9.
v • d • e
Opioids
Opiate derivatives

6-Methyldihydromorphine • 6-Methylenedihydrodesoxymorphine • 14-Methoxymetopon • Acetylcodeine • Acetyldihydrocodeine • Acetyldihydrocodeinone • Acetylmorphone • Benzylmorphine • β-4-morpholinylethylmorphine • Codeine • Codeine-N-Oxide • Codeinone • Codoxime • Desomorphine • Diacetyldihydromorphine • Dihydrocodeine • Dihydrocodeinone enol acetate • Dihydrohydroxycodeinone • Dihydrodesoxymorphine • Dihydroheroin • Dihydroisocodeine • Dihydromorphine • Dipropanoylmorphine • Ethylmorphine • Heroin (Diamorphine) • Heterocodeine • Hydrocodone • Hydromorphinol • Hydromorphone • Laudanum • Methyldesorphine • Methyldihydromorphine • Methylnaltrexone • Metopon • Monoacetylmorphine • Morphine-N-Oxide • Morphine • Morphinone • Morphine-6-glucuronide • Myrophine • Nalbuphine • Nalmefene • Nalorphine • Naloxone • Naltrexone • Naltrindole • Nicocodeine • Nicodicodeine • Nicomorphine • Norcodeine • Normorphine • Omnopon • Opium • Oripavine • Oxycodone • Oxymorphone • Pantopon • Papaveretum • Paregoric • Pholcodeine • Pseudomorphine • Poppy Straw • Poppy Tea • Semorphone • Tetrapon • Thebacon • Thebaine

Morphinans

Butorphanol • Cyclorphan • Dextro-3-hydroxy-N-allylmorphinan • Dextrorphan • Drotebanol • Levargorphan • Levallorphan • Levorphanol • Levorphan • Levophenacylmorphan • Levomethorphan • Norlevorphanol • Oxilorphan • Phenomorphan • Racemethorphan • Racemorphan

Benzomorphans

Bremazocine • Cyclazocine • Dezocine • Ethylketocyclazocine • Ketazocine • Metazocine • Pentazocine • Phenazocine

4-Phenylpiperidines
Pethidines (Meperidines)

Anileridine • Benzethidine • Carperidine • Difenoxin • Diphenoxylate • Etoxeridine (Carbetidine) • Furethidine • Hydroxypethidine (Bemidone) • Morpheridine • Oxpheneridine (Carbamethidine) • Pethidine (Meperidine) • Pethidine Intermediate A • Pethidine Intermediate B (Norpethidine) • Pethidine Intermediate C (Pethidinic Acid) • Pheneridine • Phenoperidine • Piminodine • Properidine (Ipropethidine) • Sameridine • WIN-7681

Prodines

Allylprodine • α-meprodine • α-prodine • β-meprodine • β-prodine • Meprodine • MPPP • PEPAP • Prodine • Prosidol • Trimeperidine

Ketobemidones

Acetoxyketobemidone • Ketobemidone • Methylketobemidone • Propylketobemidone

Others Alvimopan • Loperamide • Picenadol
Open Chain Opioids
Amidones

Dextromethadone • Dipipanone • Isomethadone • Levomethadone • Methadone • Methadone Intermediate • Norpipanone • Phenadoxone  (Heptazone) • Pipidone

Methadols

Acetylmethadol • α-methadol • α-acetylmethadol • β-methadol • β-acetylmethadol • Dimepheptanol • Levo-α-acetylmethadol • Noracymethadol

Moramides

Dextromoramide • Levomoramide • Moramide Intermediate • Racemoramide

Thiambutenes

Diethylthiambutene • Dimethylthiambutene • Ethylmethylthiambutene

Phenalkoxams

Dextropropoxyphene • Dimenoxadol • Dioxaphetyl Butyrate • Levopropoxyphene • Propoxyphene

Ampromides

Diampromide • Phenampromide • Propiram

Others Lefetamine
Anilidopiperidines

3-allylfentanyl • 3-methylfentanyl • 3-methylthiofentanyl • Alfentanil • α-methylacetylfentanyl • α-methylfentanyl • α-methylthiofentanyl • Benzylfentanyl • β-hydroxyfentanyl • β-hydroxythiofentanyl • β-methylfentanyl • Brifentanil • Carfentanil • Fentanyl • Lofentanil • Ohmefentanyl • Parafluorofentanyl • Phenaridine • Remifentanil • Sufentanil • Thenylfentanyl • Thiofentanyl • Trefentanil

Oripavine derivatives

7-PET • Acetorphine • Alletorphine • Buprenorphine • Cyprenorphine • Dihydroetorphine • Diprenorphine • Etorphine • N-cyclopropyl-methylnoretorphine

Phenazepines

Ethoheptazine • Meptazinol • Metheptazine • Metethoheptazine • Proheptazine

Pirinitramides

Bezitramide • Piritramide

Benzimidazoles

Clonitazene • Etonitazene

Others

Ciramadol • Faxeladol • Herkinorin • Methopholine • Narcotine • O-Desmethyltramadol • SNC-80 • Tapentadol • Tilidine • Tramadol • Zipeprol

v • d • e
Antidiarrheals, intestinal anti-inflammatory/anti-infective agents (A07)
Intestinal anti-infectivesAntibiotics (Neomycin, Nystatin, Natamycin, Streptomycin, Polymyxin B, Paromomycin, Amphotericin B, Kanamycin, Vancomycin, Colistin, Rifaximin)

Sulfonamides (Phthalylsulfathiazole, Sulfaguanidine, Succinylsulfathiazole)

other (Miconazole, Broxyquinoline, Acetarsol, Nifuroxazide, Nifurzide)
Intestinal adsorbentsCharcoal - Bismuth - Pectin - Kaolin - Crospovidone - Attapulgite - Diosmectite
AntipropulsivesDiphenoxylate - Opium - Loperamide - Difenoxin
Intestinal anti-inflammatory agentscorticosteroids acting locally (Prednisolone, Hydrocortisone, Prednisone, Betamethasone, Tixocortol, Budesonide, Beclometasone)

antiallergic agents, excluding corticosteroids (Cromoglicic acid)

aminosalicylic acid and similar agents (Sulfasalazine, Mesalazine, Olsalazine, Balsalazide)
Antidiarrheal micro-organismsSaccharomyces boulardii
Other antidiarrhealsAlbumin tannate - Ceratonia - Racecadotril
 
This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Diphenoxylate". A list of authors is available in Wikipedia.
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