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Didanosine
Didanosine (2'-3'-dideoxyinosine, ddI) is sold under the trade names Videx® and Videx EC®. It is a reverse transcriptase inhibitor, effective against HIV and used in combination with other antiretroviral drug therapy as part of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Additional recommended knowledge
HistoryDidanosine was discovered and patented by Morris J. Robins, a Brigham Young University professor, while doing his PhD research at Arizona State University in 1988 with David L. J. Tyrrell and Satoru Suzuki. [1] It was later modified by Samuel Broder, Hiroaki Mitsuya, and Robert Yarchoan in the National Cancer Institute (NCI) into the compound that is currently marketed. Since the NCI cannot market a product, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) awarded a ten-year exclusive licensed to Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. (BMS) to market and sell ddI as Videx® tablets. Didanosine became the second drug approved for the treatment of HIV infection in many other countries, including in the United States by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on Oct 9, 1991. Its FDA approval helped bring down the price of zidovudine (AZT), the initial anti-HIV drug. Didanosine has weak acid stability and is easily damaged by stomach acid. Therefore, the original formula approved by the FDA used chewable tablets that included an antacid buffering compound to neutralize stomach acid. The chewable tablets were not only large and fragile, they also were foul-tasting and the buffering compound would cause diarrhea. Although the FDA had not approved the original formulation for once-a-day dosing it was possible for some people to take it that way. At the end of its ten-year license, BMS re-formulated Videx® as Videx EC® and patented that, which reformulation the FDA approved in 2000. The new formulation is a smaller capsule containing coated microspheres instead of using a buffering compound. It is approved by the FDA for once-a-day dosing. Also at the end of that ten-year period, the NIH licensed didanosine to Barr Laboratories under a non-exclusive license, and didanosine became the first generic anti-HIV drug marketed in the United States. One of the patents for ddI will expire in the United States on 2006-08-29, but other patents extend beyond that time. Mechanism of actionDidanosine (ddI) is a nucleoside analogue of adenosine. It differs from other nucleoside analogues, because it does not have any of the regular bases, instead it has hypoxanthine attached to the sugar ring. Within the cell, ddI is phosphorylated to the active metabolite of dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, ddATP, by cellular enzymes. Like other anti-HIV nucleoside analogs, it acts as a chain terminator by incorporation and inhibits viral reverse transcriptase by competing with natural dATP. PharmacokineticsOral absorption of didanosine is fairly low (42%)[1] but rapid. Food substantially reduces didanosine bioavailability, and the drug should be administered on an empty stomach.[1] The half-life in plasma is only 1.5 hours,[1] but in the intracellular environment more than 12 hours. An enteric-coated formulation is now marketed as well. Elimination is predominantly renal; the kidneys actively secrete didanosine, the amount being 20% of the oral dose. Drug interactions
Adverse effectsThe most common adverse events with didanosine are diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, fever, headache and rash. Peripheral neuropathy occurred in 21-26% of participants in key didanosine trials.[1] Pancreatitis is rarely observed but has caused occasional fatalities, and has black box warning status. Other reported serious adverse events are retinal changes, optic neuritis and alterations of liver functions. The risk of some of these serious adverse events is increased by drinking alcohol. ResistanceDrug resistance to didanosine does develop, though slower than to zidovudine (AZT). The most common mutation observed in vivo is L74V in the viral pol gene, which confers cross-resistance to zalcitabine; other mutations observed include K65R and M184V .[1][3] Sources
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This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Didanosine". A list of authors is available in Wikipedia. |