Cuteness

Cuteness is a kind of attractive beauty commonly associated with youth, innocence and helplessness, as well as a scientific concept and analytical model in Ethology, first introduced by Konrad Lorenz. This is usually characterized by (though not limited to) some combination of infant-like physical traits, especially small body size with a disproportionately big head, large eyes, a small nose, dimples, and round and softer body features. Infantile personality traits, such as playfulness, fragility, helplessness, curiosity, innocence, affectionate behavior and a need to be nurtured are also generally considered cute.

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Psychology of cuteness

Konrad Lorenz argued in 1949 that infantile features triggered nurturing responses in adults. Lorenz argued that this was an evolutionary adaptation, which helped ensure that adults cared for their children, ultimately securing the survival of the species. As evidence for this theory, Lorenz noted that humans react more positively to animals that resemble infants—with big eyes, big heads, shortened noses, etc.—than to animals that do not.

Another way to phrase Lorenz's point is to say that humans prefer animals which exhibit pedomorphosis. Pedomorphosis is the retention of child-like characteristics—such as big heads or large eyes—into adulthood. Thus, pedomorphosis and cuteness may explain the popularity of Giant Pandas and Koalas. The widely perceived cuteness of domesticated animals, such as dogs and cats, may be due to the fact that humans selectively breed their pets for infant-like characteristics, including non-aggressive behavior and child-like appearance. This doesn't explain why we find non animal things like flowers cute.

Some later scientific studies have provided further evidence for Lorenz's theory. For example, it has been shown that human adults react positively to infants who are stereotypically cute. Studies have also shown that responses to cuteness—and to facial attractiveness generally—seem to be similar across and within cultures.^[2]

Additionally, the phenomenon is not restricted to humans. The young of many mammal and bird species share a similar set of typical physical proportions, beyond absolute body size, that distinguish them from adults of their own species. "Cute" features were also described in the recent finding of a baby Triceratops skull, suggesting that cuteness is an ancient and useful survival technique.^[3]

Cuteness may be viewed as a factor in sexual attractiveness of an adult human, especially in the case of a young woman who retains some child-like features, but also more recently with some young men as well.

Cultural significance

Cuteness is a major marketing tool in many cultures, such as that of Japan, with phenomena such as Pokémon or Hello Kitty. It is also an important selling point in the English-speaking world, where Elmo, The Family Circus, Furby, Precious Moments, and many other cultural icons and products trade on their cuteness. It can be a factor in live action productions such as the Shirley Temple movies, the Honey, I Shrunk The Kids trilogy, the Three Men and a Baby duology, and elements of One Good Cop, as well the successful documentary film March of the Penguins, where the noteworthy cuteness of the penguins was cited as a major reason for the film's outstanding appeal.^{[citation needed]} This technique was repeated in the computer-animated film Happy Feet.

Stephen Jay Gould remarked on this phenomenon in an article for the journal Natural History, in which he pointed out that over time Mickey Mouse had been drawn more and more to resemble an infant—with bigger head, bigger eyes, and so forth. Gould suggested that this change in Mickey's image was intended to increase his popularity by making him appear cuter.

Cuteness has often been associated with names, with people being represented through those names by giving them a "nickname". As an example, cute figures such as Winnie the Pooh, an adorable cartoon character,^{[citation needed]} can often be taken in as a nickname such as "Winnie". This nickname then represents innocence and cuteness in the character, and is often interpreted by others in a very positive manner.

References

See also

• Cuteness in Japanese culture

Further reading

• Stephen Jay Gould, "A Biological Homage to Mickey Mouse", The Panda's Thumb, W.W. Norton & Company, 1980.
• Konrad Lorenz, "Part and Parcel in Animal and Human Societies", in Studies in animal and human behavior, vol. 2. pp. 115-195. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard UP, 1971 (originally pub. 1950.)
• Natalie Angier, "The Cute Factor", The New York Times, 2006-1-3.[1]
• Jeanne Moos, "The Science of Cuteness/Cutie Contest", CNN Headline News, 2006-12-17.[2]
• Hello Kitty: One Nation Under Cute - Psychology Today