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Creatine kinaseCreatine kinase (CK), also known as phosphocreatine kinase or creatine phosphokinase (CPK) is an enzyme (EC 2.7.3.2) expressed by various tissue types. It catalyses the conversion of creatine to phosphocreatine, consuming adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and generating adenosine diphosphate (ADP). In tissues that consume ATP rapidly, especially skeletal muscle, but also brain and smooth muscle, phosphocreatine serves as an energy reservoir for the rapid regeneration of ATP. Thus Creatine Kinase is an important enzyme in such tissues. Clinically, creatine kinase is assayed in blood tests as a marker of myocardial infarction (heart attack), rhabdomyolysis (severe muscle breakdown) and in acute renal failure. Additional recommended knowledge
TypesIn most of the cell, the CK enzyme consists of two subunits, which can be either B (brain type) or M (muscle type). There are, therefore, three different isoenzymes: CK-MM, CK-BB and CK-MB. The genes for these subunits are located on different chromosomes: B on 14q32 and M on 19q13. In addition to those, there are two mitochondrial creatine kinases, the ubiquitous and sarcomeric form.
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Isoenzyme patterns differ in tissues. CK-BB occurs mainly in tissues, and its levels do rarely have any significance in bloodstream. Skeletal muscle expresses CK-MM (98%) and low levels of CK-MB (1%). The myocardium (heart muscle), in contrast, expresses CK-MM at 70% and CK-MB at 25-30%. CK-BB is expressed in all tissues at low levels and has little clinical relevance.
The mitochondrial creatine kinase (CKm), which produces ATP from ADP by converting creatine phosphate to creatine, is present between the two membranes of the mitochondrion. Apart from the mitochondrial form, there are three forms present in the cytosol—CKa (in times of acute need, produces ATP in the cytosol at the cost of creatine phosphate), CKc (maintains critical concentration of creatine and creatine phosphate in the cytosol by coupling their phosphorylation and dephosphorylation respectively with ATP and ADP) and CKg (which couples direct phosphorylation of creatine to the glycolytic pathway (see glycolysis).
Laboratory testing
CK is often determined routinely in emergency patients. In addition, it is determined specifically in patients with chest pain and acute renal failure is suspected. Normal values are usually between 25 and 200 U/L. This test is not specific for the type of CK that is elevated.
Elevation of CK is an indication of damage to muscle. It is therefore indicative of injury, rhabdomyolysis, myocardial infarction, muscular dystrophy, myositis, myocarditis, malignant hyperthermia and neuroleptic malignant syndrome. It is also seen in McLeod syndrome and hypothyroidism. The use of statin medications, which are commonly used to decrease serum cholesterol levels, may be associated with elevation of the CPK level in about 1% of the patients taking these medications, and with actual muscle damage in a much smaller proportion.
Lowered CK can be an indication of alcoholic liver disease and rheumatoid arthritis.
Isoenzyme determination has been used extensively as an indication for myocardial damage in heart attacks. Troponin measurement has largely replaced this in many hospitals, although some centres still rely on CK-MB.
See also
Additional images
References
- Simply stated at mdausa.org
- MeSH Creatine+Kinase
Phosphotransferases/kinases (EC 2.7) | |
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2.7.1 - OH acceptor | Hexo- - Gluco- - Fructo- (Hepatic fructo-) - Galacto- - Phosphofructo- (1, 2) - Thymidine - NAD+ - Glycerol - Pantothenate - Mevalonate - Pyruvate - Deoxycytidine - PFP - Diacylglycerol - Bruton's tyrosine - Phosphoinositide 3 (Class I PI 3, Class II PI 3) - Sphingosine |
2.7.2 - COOH acceptor | Phosphoglycerate - Aspartate |
2.7.3 - N acceptor | Creatine |
2.7.4 - PO4 acceptor | Phosphomevalonate - Adenylate - Nucleoside-diphosphate |
2.7.6 - P2O7 | Ribose-phosphate diphosphokinase - Thiamine pyrophosphokinase |
2.7.7 - nucleotidyl- | Integrase - PNPase - Polymerase - RNase PH - UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase - Galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase -Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase - RNA replicase - Reverse transcriptase (Telomerase) - Transposase |
2.7.8 - other phos. | N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate transferase |
2.7.10-11 - protein | Tyrosine - Serine/threonine-specific |
Mitochondrial enzymes and transporters | |
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Outer membrane | Long fatty acyl CoA synthetase - Kynureninase - Monoamine oxidase |
Intermembrane space | Adenylate kinase - Creatine kinase |
Inner membrane | Coenzyme Q - cytochrome c reductase -Cytochrome c - Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase -Glutamate aspartate transporter - Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase - NADH dehydrogenase - Succinate dehydrogenase |
Matrix | Aconitase - Aspartate transaminase - ALDH2 - Carbamoyl phosphate synthase - Citrate synthase - Fumarase - Glutamate dehydrogenase - Isocitrate dehydrogenase - Malate dehydrogenase - Ornithine transcarbamoylase - Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase - Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex - Succinyl coenzyme A synthetase |
Mitochondrial DNA | Complex I (7 units) - Complex III (1 unit) - Complex IV (3 units) - ATP synthase (2 units) |
Categories: Genes on chromosome 14 | Genes on chromosome 19 | Cell signaling | Signal transduction | Chemical pathology | EC 2.7.3