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Clofarabine
Clofarabine is a substance that is being studied in the treatment of cancer. It is a purine nucleoside antimetabolite. It is marketed in the U.S. and Canada as Clolar. In Europe and Australia/New Zealand the product is marketed under the name Evoltra. It is used in paediatrics to treat a type of leukaemia called relapsed or refractory acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL), only after at least two other types of treatment have failed. It is not known if extends life expectancy. Some investigations of effectiveness in cases of acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) and juvenile myelomonocytic leukaemia (JMML) have been carried out. Additional recommended knowledge
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Results of clinical trialsEfficacy and safety were demonstrated in a single multi-center trial that enrolled 40 patients aged 2-19. The patients were suffering with relapsed or refractory acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) (An additional 9 patients suffering with acute myelogenous leukaemia (AML) had similar pharmacokinetics but are not included in the figure below.) Most patients had received 2 to 4 prior regimens and 15/49 (31%) had undergone at least one transplant. The median age was 12 years. Clofarabine was given at a dose of 52 mg/m2, intravenously, over 2 hours daily x 5 repeated every 2 to 6 weeks following recovery or return to baseline organ function. The study endpoints were the rate of complete response (CR) and the rate of complete response without platelet recovery (CRp). The former was defined as no evidence of circulating blasts or extramedullary disease, an M1 bone marrow, and recovery of peripheral platelet and absolute neutrophil counts; the latter was defined as meeting all criteria for CR except for platelet count recovery. Response rates were determined by an Independent Response Review Panel (IRRP). Six patients (12%) achieved a CR and 4 patients (8%) achieved a CRp, and 5 patients (10%) achieved a PR. Of the 15 responding patients, 6 had post-clofarabine bone marrow transplantation. Hence, response durations could not be determined. In the patients who were not transplanted, the response durations for CR were 43, 50, 82, 93+, and 160+ days; for CRp the response duration was 32 days. The principal clofarabine toxicities were nausea, vomiting, hematologic toxicity, febrile neutropenia, hepatobiliary toxicity, infections and renal toxicity. Clofarabine can produce systemic inflammatory response syndrome/capillary leak syndrome (SIRS), manifested by the rapid development of tachypnea, tachycardia, hypotension, shock, and multi-organ failure. Cardiac toxicity was characterized as left ventricular systolic dysfunction; tachycardia may also occur. ApprovalClolar Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Approved 28 december 2004. (Under accelerated approval regulations requiring further clinical studies.) Patents
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This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Clofarabine". A list of authors is available in Wikipedia. |