Clefting prevalence in different cultures

Cleft lip and/or palate is a congenital abnormality that is seen frequently around the world. On average, about 1 in every 500-750 live births result in a cleft (Hardin-Jones, Karnell, & Peterson-Falzone, 2001). Furthermore, in the U.S., the prevalence for cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL +/- P) is 2.2 to 11.7 per 10,000 births. Cleft palate alone (CP) results in a prevalence rate of 5.5 to 6.6 per 10,000 births (Forrester & Merz, 2004). Cleft of the lip, palate, or both is one of the most common congenital abnormalities and has a birth prevalence rate ranging from 1/1000 to 2.69/1000 amongst different parts of the world (McLeod, Saeed, & Arana- Urioste, 2004).

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Africans and African Americans

A look in to the prevalence rates of different cultures in the U.S. when compared to their country of origin begins with Africans and African Americans. 1 per 2,500 African Americans are born with a cleft (Suleiman, Hamzah, Abusalab, & Samaan, 2005). African Americans have a lower prevalence rate of CL +/- P when compared to Caucasians. A prevalence rate of .61 per 1,000 and 1.05 per 1,000 live births respectively was reported by Croen, Shaw, Wasserman and Tolarova (1998). In Malawi there is a reported low prevalence rate for cleft lip and/or palate, .7 per 1,000 live births (Chisi, Igbibi, & Msamati, 2000). Suleiman et al. (2005) found that the prevalence rate of clefting among a group of Sudanese hospital new-borns in the city of Khartoum is .9 per 1,000 live births.

Latino Americans and Native Latinos

Latin Americans come from Mexico, Central America and South America, and the Caribbean (Meyerson, 1990). The prevalence of Latino Americans is lower than that of Caucasians and Native Americans, yet it is still higher than African Americans (Croen et al., 1998). Latinos have a prevalence of clefting of 9.7 per 10,000 live births (Kirby, Petrini & Alter, 2000). In Sucre, Bolivia the prevalence rate of CL +/- P is 1.23 per 1,000 live births (McLeod et al., 2004).

Jordan

Al Omari & Al-Omari (2004) reported that no study exists that has specifically looked at clefting among Jordanians prior to their investigation. Al Omari et al. (2004) examined the prevalence of clefting over an eleven-year period in Jordan and found an overall rate of 1.39 per 1,000 live births for CL +/- P. This was found to be similar with the prior studies that have examined clefting in other Arab populations.

United States of America

Hawaii is a U.S. state which has an extremely diverse population consisting of 73% people of Asian and Pacific Islander descent. Forrester & Merz (2004) found that the prevalence rates of CL +/- P per 10,000 live births in Hawaii were: 10 in Caucasians, 16 in people of Far East Asian descent, 11 in people of Pacific Islander descent, and 14.5 in people of Filipino descent.

When looking at the countries of origin, a higher rate was seen for Asians, specifically in Pakistan, with the prevalence rate being 1.91 per 1,000 live births (Elahi, Jackson, Elahi, Khan, Mubarak, Tariq, & Mitra, 2004). Similarly, C. Oh, S. Kim, W. Kim, & J. Kim (2002) found a similar prevalence rate of 1.81 per 1,000 births in the Republic of Korea. Valid prevalence rates in the native countries of the Philippines and Pacific Islands could not be reported.

References

• Al Omari, F., & Al-Omari, I.K. (2004). Cleft lip and palate in Jordan: Birth prevalence rate. Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal, 41(6), 609-612.
• Cheng, L.L. (1990). Asian-American cultural perspectives on birth defects: Focus on cleft palate. Cleft Palate Journal, 27(3), 294-300.
• Croen, L.A., Shaw, G.M., Wasserman, C.R., & Tolarova, M.M. (1998). Racial and ethnic variations in the prevalence of orofacial clefts in California, 1983-1992. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 79, 42-47.
• Elahi, M.M., Jackson, I.T., Elahi, O., Khan, A.H., Mubarak, F.M., Tariq, G.B., & Mitra, A. (2004). Epidemiology of cleft lip and cleft palate in Pakistan. Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, 113(6), 1548-1555.
• Forrester, M.B., & Merz, R.D. (2004). Descriptive epidemiology of oral clefts in a multiethnic population, Hawaii, 1986-2000. Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal, 41(6), 622-628.
• Kim, S., Kim, W.J., Oh, C., & Kim, J.C. (2002). Cleft lip and palate incidence among the live births in the Republic of Korea. Journal of Korean Medical Science, 17(1), 49-52.
• Kirby, R., Petrini, J., & Alter, C. (2000). Collecting and interpreting birth defects surveillance data by Hispanic ethnicity: A comparative study. Teratology, 61, 21-27.
• McLeod, N.M.H., Arana-Urioste, M.L., & Saeed, N.R. (2004). Birth prevalence of cleft lip and palate in Sucre, Bolivia. Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal, 41(2), 195-198.
• Meyerson, M.D. (1990). Cultural considerations in the treatment of Latinos with craniofacial malformations. Cleft Palate Journal, 27(3), 279-288.
• Msamati, B.C., Igbibi, P.S., & Chisi, J.E. (2000). The incidence of cleft lip. Cleft palate, hyrocephalus, and spina bifida at Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi. Central Africa Journal of Medicine, 46(11), 292-296.
• Peterson-Falzone, S.J., Hardin-Jones, M.A., & Karnell, M.P. (2001). Cleft palate speech. (3rd edition). St. Louis: Mosby, Inc.
• Strauss, R.P. (1990). Culture, health care, and birth defects in the United States: An introduction. Cleft Palate Journal, 27(3), 275-278.
• Suleiman, A.M., Hamzah, S.T., Abusalab, M.A., & Samaan, K.T. (2005). Prevalence of cleft lip and palate in a hospital-based population in Sudan. International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry, 15, 185-189.
• U.S. Census Bureau. (2001). Total population by age, race, and Hispanic or Latino origin for the United States: 2000. Retrieved March 17, 2006, from U.S. Census Bureau Web site: http://www.census.gov/population/cen2000/phc-t9/tab01.pdf.