Chromosome 5 (human)

Chromosome 5 is one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans. People normally have two copies of this chromosome. Chromosome 5 spans about 181 million base pairs (the building blocks of DNA) and represents almost 6% of the total DNA in cells. Chromosome 5 is one of the largest human chromosomes, yet has one of the lowest gene densities. This is partially explained by numerous gene-poor regions that display a remarkable degree of noncoding and syntenic conservation with non-mammalian vertebrates, suggesting they are functionally constrained.[1]

Identifying genes on each chromosome is an active area of genetic research. Because researchers use different approaches to predict the number of genes on each chromosome, the estimated number of genes varies. Chromosome 5 likely contains between 900 and 1,300 genes.

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Genes

The following are some of the genes located on chromosome 5:

• ADAMTS2: ADAM metallopeptidase with thrombospondin type 1 motif, 2
• APC: adenomatosis polyposis coli
• EGR1: early growth response protein 1
• DTDST: diastrophic dysplasia sulfate transporter
• ERCC8: excision repair cross-complementing rodent repair deficiency, complementation group 8
• FGFR4: fibroblast growth factor receptor 4
• GM2A: GM2 ganglioside activator
• HEXB: hexosaminidase B (beta polypeptide)
• MASS1: monogenic, audiogenic seizure susceptibility 1 homolog (mouse)
• MCCC2: methylcrotonoyl-Coenzyme A carboxylase 2 (beta)
• MTRR: 5-methyltetrahydrofolate-homocysteine methyltransferase reductase
• NIPBL: Nipped-B homolog (Drosophila)
• SLC22A5: solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 5
• SLC26A2: solute carrier family 26 (sulfate transporter), member 2
• SMN1: survival motor neuron 1, telomeric
• SMN2: survival motor neuron 2, centromeric
• SNCAIP: synuclein, alpha interacting protein (synphilin)
• TCOF1: Treacher Collins-Franceschetti syndrome 1
• FGF1: fibroblast growth factor 1 (acidic fibroblast growth factor)

Diseases & disorders

The following are some of the diseases related to genes located on chromosome 5:

• Achondrogenesis type 1B
• Atelosteogenesis, type II
• Cockayne syndrome
• Cornelia de Lange syndrome
• Cri du chat syndrome
• Diastrophic dysplasia
• Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
• Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, dermatosparaxis type
• Familial adenomatous polyposis
• GM2-gangliosidosis, AB variant
• Homocystinuria
• 3-Methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase deficiency
• Nicotine dependency
• Parkinson's disease
• Primary carnitine deficiency
• Recessive multiple epiphyseal dysplasia
• Sandhoff disease
• Spinal muscular atrophy
• Treacher Collins syndrome
• Usher syndrome
• Usher syndrome type II

Chromosomal conditions

The following conditions are caused by changes in the structure or number of copies of chromosome 5:

• Cri-du-chat syndrome is caused by a deletion of the end of the short (p) arm of chromosome 5. This chromosomal change is written as 5p-. The signs and symptoms of cri-du-chat syndrome are probably related to the loss of multiple genes in this region. Researchers have not identified all of these genes or determined how their loss leads to the features of the disorder. They have discovered, however, that a larger deletion tends to result in more severe mental retardation and developmental delays in people with cri-du-chat syndrome.

Researchers have defined narrow regions of the short arm of chromosome 5 that are associated with particular features of cri-du-chat syndrome. A specific region designated 5p15.3 is associated with a cat-like cry, and a nearby region called 5p15.2 is associated with mental retardation, small head size (microcephaly), and distinctive facial features.

• Familial Adenomatous Polyposis is caused by a deletion of the APC tumor suppressor gene on the long (q) arm of chromosome 5. This chromosomal change results in thousands of colonic polyps which gives the patient a 100% risk of colon cancer if total colectomy is not done.

• Other changes in the number or structure of chromosome 5 can have a variety of effects, including delayed growth and development, distinctive facial features, birth defects, and other medical problems. Changes to chromosome 5 include an extra segment of the short (p) or long (q) arm of the chromosome in each cell (partial trisomy 5p or 5q), a missing segment of the long arm of the chromosome in each cell (partial monosomy 5q), and a circular structure called ring chromosome 5. A ring chromosome occurs when both ends of a broken chromosome are reunited.

References

• Cornish K, Bramble D (2002). "Cri du chat syndrome: genotype-phenotype correlations and recommendations for clinical management". Dev Med Child Neurol 44 (7): 494-7. PMID 12162388.
• Mainardi PC, Perfumo C, Cali A, Coucourde G, Pastore G, Cavani S, Zara F, Overhauser J, Pierluigi M, Bricarelli FD (2001). "Clinical and molecular characterisation of 80 patients with 5p deletion: genotype-phenotype correlation". J Med Genet 38 (3): 151-8. PMID 11238681.
• Schafer IA, Robin NH, Posch JJ, Clark BA, Izumo S, Schwartz S (2001). "Distal 5q deletion syndrome: phenotypic correlations". Am J Med Genet 103 (1): 63-8. PMID 11562936.
• Schmutz J, Martin J, Terry A, Couronne O, Grimwood J, Lowry S, Gordon LA, Scott D, Xie G, Huang W, Hellsten U, Tran-Gyamfi M, She X, Prabhakar S, Aerts A, Altherr M, Bajorek E, Black S, Branscomb E, Caoile C, Challacombe JF, Chan YM, Denys M, Detter JC, Escobar J, Flowers D, Fotopulos D, Glavina T, Gomez M, Gonzales E, Goodstein D, Grigoriev I, Groza M, Hammon N, Hawkins T, Haydu L, Israni S, Jett J, Kadner K, Kimball H, Kobayashi A, Lopez F, Lou Y, Martinez D, Medina C, Morgan J, Nandkeshwar R, Noonan JP, Pitluck S, Pollard M, Predki P, Priest J, Ramirez L, Retterer J, Rodriguez A, Rogers S, Salamov A, Salazar A, Thayer N, Tice H, Tsai M, Ustaszewska A, Vo N, Wheeler J, Wu K, Yang J, Dickson M, Cheng JF, Eichler EE, Olsen A, Pennacchio LA, Rokhsar DS, Richardson P, Lucas SM, Myers RM, Rubin EM (2004). "The DNA sequence and comparative analysis of human chromosome 5". Nature 431 (7006): 268-74. PMID 15372022.
• Siddiqi R, Gilbert F (2003). "Chromosome 5". Genet Test 7 (2): 169-87. PMID 12885343.
• Wu Q, Niebuhr E, Yang H, Hansen L (2005). "Determination of the 'critical region' for cat-like cry of Cri-du-chat syndrome and analysis of candidate genes by quantitative PCR". Eur J Hum Genet 13 (4): 475-85. PMID 15657623.
• Zhang X, Snijders A, Segraves R, Zhang X, Niebuhr A, Albertson D, Yang H, Gray J, Niebuhr E, Bolund L, Pinkel D (2005). "High-resolution mapping of genotype-phenotype relationships in cri du chat syndrome using array comparative genomic hybridization". Am J Hum Genet 76 (2): 312-26. PMID 15635506.