Child pyromaniac

A child pyromaniac is one who suffers from an impulse-control disorder that is primarily distinguished by a compulsion to set fires in order to relieve the tension building up inside him.^[1] The term comes from the Greek words pyr (fire) and mania (madness).^[2] A child pyromaniac is the most rare form of fire setting. Most young children are not diagnosed as having pyromania but conduct disorders.^[1] A key feature of pyromania is repeated association with fire but without a real motive.^[2] Pyromania is a very rare disorder and only occurs in about one percent of the population.^[2] It can occur in children as young as three years old.^[2] About ninety percent of the people officially diagnosed with pyromania are male.^[2] Pyromaniacs only set about 14% of the fires.^[2]

Fire-setting is made up with five subcategories: the curious fire-setter, the sexually motivated fire-setter, the "cry for help" fire-setter, "severely disturbed" group, and the rare form of pyromania.^[3] Pyromania usually surfaces in childhood, but there is no conclusive data about the normal age of onset.^[2] Child pyromaniacs are usually filled with an uncontrollable urge to set fires to relieve tension. Not much is known about what genetically causes pyromania but there have been many studies that have opened up new avenues of wisdom.

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Symptoms

Many clinical studies have found that fire setting rarely occurs by itself but usually occurs with other bad behavior. The motives that have recently earned the most attention are pleasure, a cry for help, retaliation against adults, and desire to reunite the family.^[3] It seems like it is a combination of pyromania and bad behavior that initiates fire setting. Fire setting among children and teens can be recurring or periodic.^[1] Some children and teens may set fires often to release tension. But then there are others that may only seek to set fires during times of great stress. Some of the symptoms of pyromania are depression, conflicts in relationships, and poor ability to cope with stress and anxiety.^[1]

Diagnosis

The clinician's handbook, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, also known as the DSM, gives six standards that must be met for a child to be officially diagnosed with pyromania.

1. The child had to have set more than one fire deliberately.
2. Before setting the fire, the child must have felt some feelings of tension or arousal
3. The child must show that he is attracted to fire and anything related to fire
4. The child must feel a sense of relief or satisfaction from setting the fire and witnessing it
5. The child does not have other motives like revenge, financial motives, delusions or brain damage for setting the fire
6. This fire setting problem cannot be attributed to other disorders like anti-social personality disorder or conduct disorders.

Even though fire setting and pyromania are more prevalent in children these standards are hard to apply to their age group. There is not a lot of experience in diagnosing pyromania mainly because of the little experience that health care professionals have with fire setting.^[1]

Child pyromaniacs vs. child fire setters

There are many important distinctions between a child pyromaniac and a child fire setter. A fire setter is any individual who feels the impulse to set a fire for unusual reasons^[3]. A child pyromaniac has the intent to inflict damage as a result of its fire setting. Whereas a child fire setter usually is curious about fire and has the desire to learn more about fire^[3]. A child pyromaniac is more than just a simple fire setter; he is one who has an unusually bizarre impulse or desire to set intentional fires. ^[4]: Pathological fire setting, pyromania, is when the desire to set fires is repetitive and destructive to people or property.^[3] The most important difference between pyromania and fire setting is pyromania is a mental disorder whereas fire setting is a behavior and can be fixed.

Minor or nonsevere fire setting is defined as “accidental or occasional fire-starting behavior” by unsupervised children.^[3] Usually these fires are started when a curious child plays with matches, lighters, or small fires.^[3] Juveniles in this minor group average at the most 2.5 accidental fires in their lifetime. Most children in this group are between five and ten years of age and don't realize the dangers of playing with fire.^[3] Pathological fire setting or pyromania is when the action is “a deliberate, planned, and persistent behavior.”^[3] Juveniles in this severe group set about 5.3 fires.^[3] Most young children are not diagnosed as having pyromania but conduct disorders.^[1]

Epidemiology

There are two basic types of children that start fires.^[5] The first type is the curiosity fire setter who starts the fire just to find out what will happen. The second type is the problem fire setter who usually sets fires based on changes in his environment or because of a pathological reason. Here is a chart that shows basic characteristics of both types: ^[5]

Those characteristics are helpful in general fire setters but what about children with more recurrent fire setting tendencies? The Fire Setter Handbook breaks down the characteristics of a recurrent fire setter in the following table.^[5]

Typically these children are young boys about 10 or older who come from many socioeconomic backgrounds who have either had stressful occurrences like moving or physical abuse or cannot display anger appropriately.^[5]

Even though child pyromania is a type of fire setting it differs from many other fire settings because it is a mental disorder and usually cannot be controlled.

Causes

The causes of fire setting among young children and youths can be attributed to many factors, which are divided into individual factors, and environmental factors:

Individual Factors:^[1]

1. Antisocial behaviors and attitudes: Children that set fires usually don't only set fires but also commit other crimes or offenses including vandalism, violence, anger, etc.
2. Sensation seeking: Some children are attracted to fire setting because they are bored and just looking for something to do.
3. Attention seeking: Lighting a fire becomes a way to get back at the adults and in turn to produce a response from the adults
4. Lack of social skills: Some children simply have not been taught enough social skills. Many of the children and adolescents that have been discovered setting fires consider themselves to be "loners"
5. Lack of fire-safety skills and ignorance of their danger: For most children not diagnosed with pyromania this is what drives them. Just natural curiosity and ignorance of the fire's destructive power.
6. Learning problems^[3]
7. Parental Problems like separation, neglect, and abuse^[3]

Environmental Factors:^[1]

1. Poor supervision by parents or guardians.
2. Watching adults using fire inappropriately at an early age
3. Parental neglect
4. Parents abusing drugs or acting violently: This factor has been studied and the conclusions show that fire setters are more likely in homes where the parents abuse them
5. Peer Pressure
6. Stressful Life Events: Fire setting becomes a way to cope with crises

There has also been some medical research done that suggests a link to reactive hypoglycemia in the cerebrospinal fluid.^[2] Some of the similarities that have been discovered between the two are abnormalities in levels of neurotransmitters norepinephrine and serotonin, which refer to problems in impulse control, and low blood sugars.^[2]

Treatment

If a child is diagnosed with pyromania there are treatment options even though there has not been enough scientific research on the genetic cause of pyromania especially in such a young age. Studies have shown that children with repeat cases of setting fires tend to respond better to a case-management approach rather than a medical approach.^[1] The first crucial step for treatment should be parents sitting down with their child and having a one-on-one interview. The interview itself should try to determine what stresses on the family, methods of discipline, and other factors contribute to the child's uncontrollable desire to set fires.^[2] Some examples of treatment methods are problem-solving skills, anger management, communication skills, aggression replacement training, and cognitive restructuring.^[1] The chances that a child will recover from pyromania are very slim according to recent studies but there are ways to channel the child's desire to set fires to relieve tension.^[1] When a child diagnosed with pyromania feels the compulsion to start fire if the parents have suggested alternate ideas such as playing a sport or an instrument there is a chance that a child can learn how to gain a thin grasp on his irresistible urge to set fires. Another method of treatment is fire-safety education.^[6] But sometimes the best method of treatment is child counseling or a residential treatment center.^[6] However, since cases of child pyromania are so rare there has not been enough research done on how successful these treatment methods really are in helping these children. The most common and effective treatment of pyromania in children is behavioral modification.^[3] The results usually range from fair to poor.^[3] Behavioral modification seems to work on children with pyromaniac tendencies about 95% of the time.^[3]

History

Early studies into the causes of pyromania come from Freudian psychoanalysis. Around 1850, there were many arguments about the causes of pyromania. The two biggest sides of the argument were whether pyromania comes from a mental or genetic disorder or moral deficiency.^[2] Freud reasoned that fire setting was an archaic desire to gain power over nature.^[1] The first study done on fire setting behavior in children was in 1940 and was credited to Helen Yarnall who found that the compared fire setting to fears of castration in male children and said that by setting the fire the young males feel that they have gained power over adults.^[7] This 1940 study also introduced the idea that a good predictor of violent behavior like fire setting in adult life is fire setting and cruelty towards animals as a child.^[7]

References

1. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l} "missingarticle". The Gale Encyclopedia of Mental Disorders. (2003). Ed. Ellen Thackery and Madeline Harris. Detroit: Thomson Gale. 551,802–806. DOI:10.1223/0787657689. ISBN 0787657689. 
2. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k} Lisa Powell Williams "missingarticle". The Gale Encyclopedia of Childhood & Adolescence 123.  
3. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o} George A. Sakheim and Elizabeth Osborn. "Severe vs. Nonsevere Firesetters Revisited". Child Welfare 78 (4): 411–433.
4. ^ DSM-IV-TR Casebook Diagnosis of "Brrr"..
5. ^ ^{a b c d} International Association of Fire Chiefs, Federal Emergency Management Agency, United States Fire Administration (1988). Child Firesetter Handbook : Ages 7–13 (Microfiche). 
6. ^ ^{a b} David J. Kolko, Amy D. Herschell, and Deborah M. Scharf (2006). "Education and Treatment for Boys Who Set Fires: Specificity, Moderators, and Predictors of Recidivism". Journal of Emotional & Behavioral Disorders 14 (4): 227–239.
7. ^ ^{a b} Joyce Pollinger, Laura Samuels, and Robert Stadolnik (2005 Summer). "A comparative study of the behavioral, personality, and fire history characteristics of residential and outpatient adolescents (ages 12-17) with firesetting behaviors". Adolescence 40 (158): 345–353. PMID 16114596.

Further reading

• Michael L. Slavkin (2000). Juvenile Firesetting: An Exploration Analysis. upublish.com. ISBN 1581121083. 

• Robert Cole, Robert Crandall, Carolyn Kourofsky, Daryl Sharp, Susan Blaakman, and Elizabeth Cole. Juvenile Firesetting: A Community Guide to Prevention & Intervention. Fireproof children. ISBN 0962607657. 

• Robert F. Stadolnik (2000). Drawn to the Flame: Assessment and Treatment of Juvenile Firesetting Behavior. Professional Resource Press. ISBN 1568870639.