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Cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome
Cardiofaciocutaneous Syndrome (CFC) is an extremely rare and serious genetic disorder. Additional recommended knowledgeIt is characterized by the following:
Malformations of face and headIndividuals with the disorder usually have distinctive malformations of the craniofacial area including an unusually large head (macrocephaly), prominent forehead, and abnormal narrowing of both sides of the forehead (bitemporal constriction); The nose can be upturned and short with a low nasal bridge; and large ears that are abnormally rotated toward the back of the head. In many cases, affected individuals also have downward slanting eyelid folds, widely spaced eyes, drooping of the upper eyelids, inward deviation of the eyes, and other eye abnormalities including absent eyebrows and eye lashes. Genetic Causes of CFCCostello and Noonan syndrome are similar to CFC and their phenotypic overlap may be due to the biochemical relationship of the genes mutated in each syndrome to each other. Genes that are mutated in all three of these syndromes encode proteins that function in the MAP kinase pathway. Mutations that cause CFC are found in the KRAS, BRAF, MEK1 and MEK2 genes. Costello syndrome is caused by mutations in HRas. Mutations that cause Noonan Syndrome have been found in PTPN11 and SOS1. The relative severity of CFC when compared to Noonan Syndrome may reflect the position in the biochemical pathway each gene occupies. Shp2, the protein product of the PTPN11, appears to regulate the MAP kinase pathway at or above the level of SOS1. SOS1 in turn regulates the activities of RAS, RAF, MEK, ERK and p90RSK. SOS1 has been demonstrated to be a target of negative feedback by ERK and p90RSK. Thus, any activating mutation downstream of SOS1 may be subject to less regulation that may mitigate the consequence of such mutations giving rise to the phenotypic differences seen between these syndromes[1]. References
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This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Cardiofaciocutaneous_syndrome". A list of authors is available in Wikipedia. |