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Breast anatomyThe anatomy of the human breast was fundamentally revised in 2005, overturning assumptions held since 1840. Additional recommended knowledge
OriginsThe standard model of the human breast is largely based on anatomical dissections carried out on cadavers by Cooper and published in 1840 under the title “On the anatomy of the breast”. This model is based on wax casts and dissections prepared by Cooper. The casting procedure introduced several artefacts. The injection of coloured wax into milk duct openings at the nipple inflated those ducts, giving the impression that near the nipple they expand into milk storage sacs called lactiferous sinuses. Also, in order to illustrate the milk ducts, Cooper – who had likened them to the intertwined roots of a tree – laid them out in an ordered manner for the artist to draw. This ordered lay-out has been copied into anatomy diagrams ever since. Until 2005, Cooper's results had never been corroborated by modern investigative methods. Consequently, Cooper's model still underlies most practitioners understanding of the lactating human breast. Revised anatomyRecent anatomical research involving imaging the lactating breast using ultrasound technology[1] have challenged a number of commonly accepted conclusions. These findings on anatomy of the breast have important implications for the way the breast is cared for, especially during surgery. The major differences between Cooper-derived models and Ramsay's work are:
Implications for breast careSince the number of milk ducts in the breast is lower than previously believed, the loss of only a few ducts can seriously compromise a woman’s ability to lactate. In the old model, fatty tissue is undifferentiated. The reality is that there are three clearly defined areas of fatty tissue. There is more glandular tissue than previously believed, concentrated near the nipple, not evenly distributed in the breast. Surgeons working with an understanding based on Cooper’s model inadvertently put the ability of their patients to breastfeed at risk. Women with previous breast surgery have a greater than threefold risk of lactation insufficiency when compared to those women without surgery.[2] While interference with lactation is a theoretical risk of any surgery on the breast, a number of studies have demonstrated a similar ability to breastfeed when breast reduction/lift patients are compared to control groups where the surgery was performed using a modern pedicle surgical technique.[3][4][5][6] References
External linksBFAR - BreastFeeding After Reduction support and information Breast Anotomy |
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This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Breast_anatomy". A list of authors is available in Wikipedia. |