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Atropoides

Atropoides

Picado's pit viper, A.picadoi

Scientific classification

Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Subphylum:	Vertebrata
Class:	Reptilia
Order:	Serpentes
Suborder:	Serpentes
Family:	Viperidae
Subfamily:	Crotalinae
Genus:	Atropoides Werman, 1992

Synonyms

Atropos - Rüppell, 1845
Atropus - Müller, 1865
Atropoides - Werman, 1992^[1]

Common names: jumping pitvipers,^[2] jumping vipers.^[3]

Atropoides is a genus of venomous pitvipers found in Mexico and Central America. Three species are currently recognized.^[4] The common names suggests they are able to leap at an attacker, but this is likely exaggerated.

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Description

All of these snakes are extremely thick-bodied, with A. nummifer being the most stout and A. picadoi being the most slender. However, the greatest recorded length is for A. picadoi, with one specimen that measured 120.2 cm. The head is large, with small eyes and a broadly rounded snout. The tail is short, not prehensile, and accounts for only 15% of the total body length.^[2]

The color pattern usually consists of a gray-brown or reddish brown ground color (sometimes yellow, cream, purplish brown or black) overlaid with a series of lateral and dorsal blotches. The shape of these blotches is subject to some variation, but is sometimes still helpful for identification.^[2]

Geographic range

Found in the mountains of eastern Mexico southeastward on the Atlantic versant and lowlands though Central America to central Panama. On the Pacific versant, they occur in isolated populations in east-central and southern Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Costa Rica and Panama.^[1]

Behavior

The common name alludes to the supposed ability these snakes have to launch themselves at an attacker during a strike, thereby bridging a distance that are equal to or greater than the length of the body.^[2] Mehrtens (1987) states that they live up to their name, striking at their assailants with such force that they actually leave the ground.^[3] Campbell and Lamar (2004), on the other hand, describe this is greatly exaggerated, saying that in actual fact these snakes are only able to strike about half of their own body length. In addition, they describe them as slow moving and non-aggressive. However, when provoked all species will put on a rather dramatic open-mouth threat display.^[2]

These snakes may be active both during the day or at night. On the other hand, populations found at higher altitudes seem to active only during daylight hours and never at night.^[2]

Feeding

Adults feed mainly on small mammals and lizards, while juveniles feed on orthopterans and skinks.^[2]

Venom

Unlike most vipers, members of this genus will strike and then hold on and chew. In one case, a machete was used to prize off the jaws. March (1929) wrote that A. mexicanus (A. nummifer) will hang on and make half a dozen punctures unless quickly and forcibly removed. However, the effects of the venom include only transient pain and mild swelling. In one part of Honduras the locals even insist that the snake (A. nummifer) is not venomous. Laboratory studies suggest that Atropoides venoms are unlikely to lead to consumption coagulopathy and incoagulable blood in humans. However, other research revealed that of ten different Costa Rican pit viper venoms tested on mice, that of A. picadoi was the most hemorrhagic.^[2]

Species

Species^[4]	Authority^[4]	Subsp.*^[4]	Common name^[2]	Geographic range^[1]
A. nummifer	Rüppell, 1845	2	Mexican jumping pitviper	Eastern Mexico from San Luis Potosí southeastward on the Atlantic versant and lowlands through northern Guatemala, southern Belize, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica to central Panama. On the Pacific versant in disjunct populations from southern Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Costa Rica and Panama. Found in various types of forest, including cloud forest and rain forest at 40-1600 m altitude.
A. olmec	Pérez-Higareda, H.M. Smith & Juliá-Zertuche, 1985	0	Tuxtlan jumping pitviper	Mexico on the upper slopes of the Sierra de Los Tuxtlas in southern Veracruz.
A. picadoi^T	Dunn, 1939	0	Picado's jumping pitviper	In the mountains of Costa Rica and western Panama at 50-1500 m altitude. This includes the Cordillera de Tilarán, the Cordillera Central and the Cordillera de Talamanca.

*) Not including the nominate subspecies (typical form).
^T) Type species.^[1]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T. 1999. Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, vol. 1. Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Campbell JA, Lamar WW. 2004. The Venomous Reptiles of the Western Hemisphere. Comstock Publishing Associates, Ithaca and London. 870 pp. 1500 plates. ISBN 0-8014-4141-2.
^ ^a ^b Mehrtens JM. 1987. Living Snakes of the World in Color. New York: Sterling Publishers. 480 pp. ISBN 0-8069-6460-X.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Atropoides (TSN 585648). Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Accessed on 2 November 2006.

Category: Crotalinae

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Atropoides". A list of authors is available in Wikipedia.