Aromatic-ring-hydroxylating dioxygenases

Aromatic-ring-hydroxylating dioxygenases (ARHD) incorporate two atoms of dioxygen (O₂) into their substrates in the dihydroxylation reaction. The product is (substituted) cis-1,2-dihydroxycyclohexadiene, which is subsequently converted to (substituted) benzene glycol by a cis-diol dehydrogenase.

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A large family of multicomponent mononuclear (non-heme) iron oxygenases has been identified. Components of bacterial aromatic-ring dioxygenases constitute two different functional classes: hydroxylase components and electron transfer components. Hydroxylase components are either (αβ)_n or (α)_n oligomers. Two prosthetic groups, a Rieske-type [Fe₂S₂] center and a mononuclear iron, are associated with the α-subunit in the (αβ)_n-type enzymes. Electron transfer components are composed of flavoprotein (NADH:ferredoxin oxidoreductase) and Rieske-type [Fe₂S₂] ferredoxin. In benzoate and toluate 1,2-dioxygenase systems, a single protein containing reductase and Rieske-type ferredoxin domains transfers the electrons from NADH to the hydroxylase component. In the phthalate 4,5-dioxygenase system, phthalate dioxygenase reductase (PDR) has the same function. PDR is a single protein comprising FMN-binding reductase and plant-type ferredoxin domains. Thus, the electron transfer in ARHD systems can be summarised as:

NADH

→

reductase FAD or FMN

→

ferredoxin [Fe2S2]

→

hydroxylase α-subunit [Fe2S2], Fe

Biochemical classification

EC 1.14.12.3 benzene 1,2-dioxygenase

benzene + NADH + H⁺ + O₂ = cis-cyclohexa-3,5-diene-1,2-diol + NAD⁺

EC 1.14.12.7 phthalate 4,5-dioxygenase

phthalate + NADH + H⁺ + O₂ = cis-4,5-dihydroxycyclohexa-1(6),2-diene-1,2-dicarboxylate + NAD⁺

EC 1.14.12.8 4-sulfobenzoate 3,4-dioxygenase

4-sulfobenzoate + NADH + H⁺ + O₂ = 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate + sulfite + NAD⁺

EC 1.14.12.9 4-chlorophenylacetate 3,4-dioxygenase

4-chlorophenylacetate + NADH + H⁺ + O₂ = 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetate + chloride + NAD⁺

EC 1.14.12.10 benzoate 1,2-dioxygenase

benzoate + NADH + H⁺ + O₂ = 1,2-dihydroxycyclohexa-3,5-diene-1-carboxylate + NAD⁺

EC 1.14.12.11 toluene dioxygenase

toluene + NADH + H⁺ + O₂ = (1S,2R)-3-methylcyclohexa-3,5-diene-1,2-diol + NAD⁺

EC 1.14.12.12 naphthalene 1,2-dioxygenase

naphthalene + NADH + H⁺ + O₂ = (1R,2S)-1,2-dihydronaphthalene-1,2-diol + NAD⁺

EC 1.14.12.15 terephthalate 1,2-dioxygenase

terephthalate + NADH + H⁺ + O₂ = (1R,6S)-dihydroxycyclohexa-2,4-diene-1,4-dicarboxylate + NAD⁺

EC 1.14.12.18 biphenyl 2,3-dioxygenase

biphenyl + NADH + H⁺ + O₂ = (1S,2R)-3-phenylcyclohexa-3,5-diene-1,2-diol + NAD⁺

Structure

The crystal structure of the hydroxylase component of naphthalene 1,2-dioxygenase from Pseudomonas has been determined. The protein is an (αβ)₃ hexamer. The β-subunit belongs to the α+β class. It has no prosthetic groups and its role in catalysis is unknown. The α-subunit can be divided into two domains: a Rieske domain that contains the [Fe₂S₂] center and the catalytic domain that contains the active site mononuclear iron. The Rieske domain (residues 38-158) consists of four β-sheets. The overall fold is very similar to that of the soluble fragment of the Rieske protein from bovine heart mitochondrial cytochrome bc₁ complex. In the [Fe₂S₂] center, Fe1 is coordinated by two cysteine residues (Cys-81 and Cys-101) while Fe2 is coordinated by N^δ atoms of two histidine residues (His-83 and His-104). The catalytic domain belongs to the α+β class and is dominated by a nine-stranded antiparallel β-sheet. The iron of the active site is located at the bottom of a narrow channel, approximately 15 Å from the protein surface. The mononuclear iron is coordinated by His-208, His-213, Asp-362 (bidentate) and a water molecule. The geometry can be described as a distorted octahedral with one ligand missing. The structure of the hexamer suggests cooperativity between adjacent α-subunits, where electrons from the [Fe₂S₂] center in one α-subunit (A) are transferred to the mononuclear iron in the adjacent α-subunit (B) through Asp_B-205, which is hydrogen-bonded to His_A-104 of the Rieske center and His_B-208 of the active site.

References

• Harayama, S., Kok, M. and Neidle, E.L. (1992). "Functional and evolutionary relationships among diverse oxygenases". Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 46: 565–601. PMID 1444267.
• Butler, C.S. and Mason, J.R. (1997). "Structure-function analysis of the bacterial aromatic ring-hydroxylating dioxygenases". Adv. Microb. Physiol. 38: 47–84. PMID 8922118.
• Jiang, H., Parales, R.E., Lynch, N.A. and Gibson, D.T. (1996). "Site-directed mutagenesis of conserved amino acids in the alpha subunit of toluene dioxygenase: Potential mononuclear non-heme iron coordination sites". J. Bacteriol. 178: 3133–3139. PMID 8655491.
• Kauppi, B., Lee, K., Carredano, E., Parales, R.E., Gibson, D.T., Eklund, H. and Ramaswamy, S. (1998). "Structure of an aromatic-ring-hydroxylating dioxygenase – naphthalene 1,2-dioxygenase". Structure 6: 571–586. PMID 9634695.