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Animal heme-dependent peroxidases
Animal heme-dependent peroxidases is a family of peroxidases. Peroxidases are found in bacteria, fungi, plants and animals. On the basis of sequence similarity, a number of animal haem peroxidases can be categorised as members of a superfamily: myeloperoxidase (MPO); eosinophil peroxidase (EPO); lactoperoxidase (LPO); thyroid peroxidase (TPO); prostaglandin H synthase (PGHS); and peroxidasin[1][2][3]. Additional recommended knowledge
FunctionMyeloperoxidase (MPO) plays a major role in the oxygen-dependent microbicidal system of neutrophils. EPO from eosinophilic granulocytes participates in immunological reactions, and potentiates tumor necrosis factor (TNF) production and hydrogen peroxide release by human monocyte-derived macrophages[4][5]. In the main, MPO (and possibly EPO) utilises Cl-ions and H2O2 to form hypochlorous acid (HOCl), which can effectively kill bacteria or parasites. In secreted fluids, LPO catalyses the oxidation of thiocyanate ions (SCN-) by H2O2, producing the weak oxidising agent hypothiocyanite (OSCN-), which has bacteriostatic activity[6]. TPO uses I- ions and H2O2 to generate iodine, and plays a central role in the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones T(3) and T(4). Structure3D structures of MPO and PGHS have been reported. MPO is a homodimer: each monomer consists of a light (A or B) and a heavy (C or D) chain resulting from post-translational excision of 6 residues from the common precursor. Monomers are linked by a single inter-chain disulphide. Each monomer includes a bound calcium ion[7]. PGHS exists as a symmetric dimer, each monomer of which consists of 3 domains: an N-terminal epidermal growth factor (EGF) like module; a membrane-binding domain; and a large C-terminal catalytic domain containing the cyclooxygenase and the peroxidase active sites. The catalytic domain shows striking structural similarity to MPO. Active siteThe cyclooxygenase active site, which catalyses the formation of prostaglandin G2 (PGG2) from arachidonic acid, resides at the apex of a long hydrophobic channel, extending from the membrane-binding domain to the centre of the molecule. The peroxidase active site, which catalyses the reduction of PGG2 to PGH2, is located on the other side of the molecule, at the haem binding site[8]. Both MPO and the catalytic domain of PGHS are mainly alpha-helical, 19 helices being identified as topologically and spatially equivalent; PGHS contains 5 additional N-terminal helices that have no equivalent in MPO. In both proteins, three Asn residues in each monomer are glycosylated. Human proteins containing this domainDUOX1; DUOX2; EPX; LPO; MPO; PTGS1; PTGS2; PXDNL; TPO; References
This article includes text from the public domain Pfam and InterPro IPR002007 Categories: Protein domains | Protein families | Integral monotopic proteins | EC 1.11.1 |
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This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Animal_heme-dependent_peroxidases". A list of authors is available in Wikipedia. |